Study Guide: CHP 12 -- Personality Flashcards
1
Q
FREUD’s background and experience that influenced him? (3)
A
- jew
- born during the viennese era
- lived in vienna; wealthy viennese women
2
Q
LIBIDO?
A
- our desire for LIFE ENERGY (jung); part of EROS: life energy instinct
- the PURSUIT of PLEASURE, or the pleasure center (freud: sexual satisfaction) jung; no, it’s a general life force, includes the natural human desire to be creative;
3
Q
SUPEREGO?
A
- CONSCIOUS, ETHICS, MORALITY–eventually children have internalized what can and cannot be done.
- -> the FEELING OF GUILT after you do sth bad.
note: ID and SUPEREGO are constantly demanding things of us.
4
Q
Carl JUNG differences with FREUD. (3)
A
- doesn’t believe in ORAL, ANAL, PHALLIC
- really believed in INTROVERTED/EXTROVERTED.
(–>personality of INTROVERTED person is shaped by SELF-REFLECTION: they are their own best council–>extrovert: more of a SOCIAL process) - we have memories inherited from our ancestors
5
Q
MEME THEORY?
A
- idea, behavior, or style that SPREADS from PERSON to PERSON within a culture
- (not much evidence to support)
6
Q
- Describe the FIVE FACTOR MODEL of PERSONALITY (5)
A
- extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, openness
- each FACTOR represents a RANGE b.w TWO EXTREMES
- MCRAE and colleagues’ research show: UNIVERSAL
- BIOLOGICAL ORIGINS of these personality traits?
- represent BROAD AREAS of PERSONALITY: FACTOR ANALYSIS –> sociable and talkative
7
Q
- Explain (according to FREUD)
a) the STRUCTURE of personality
b) LEVELS of AWARENESS
c) DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES in Freudian theory
A
a) ID (pleasure principle), EGO (reality principle; wants to maximize gratification but needs to find socially suitable way to do that), SUPEREGO (moral component)
b) levels of awareness: CONSCIOUS; PRECONSCIOUS (material just below the surface of awareness that can be easily retrieved); UNCONSCIOUS. Compared to an ICEBERG, where the UNCONSCIOUS is much larger than the conscious (the part below the iceberg); the ego, and superego operate at ALL THREE levels; the id is entirely unconscious
c) refer to BARRONS
8
Q
- Explain how ANXIETY can lead to use of various DEFENSE MECHANISMS.
A
- because ppl want to RID themselves of ANXIETY, they try to use DEFENSE MECHANISMS (unconscious reactions that protect a person from unpleasant emotions)
9
Q
- How does JUNG’s view of the UNCONSCIOUS differ from FREUD’s? (3)
A
- JUNG believed that FREUD’s view of unconscious was: LIMITED and OVERLY NEGATIVE
- RESERVOIR of REPRESSED thoughts and EMOTIONS (freud) vs. also a SOURCE OF CREATIVITY (jung)
- Freud: personal unconscious made from anxiety caused from CLASH of REPRESSED WISHES and FEARS; Jung: COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS made up of ARCHETYPES and repeated experiences of PPL
- Jung: LIBIDO(our drives, part of id) isn’t just SEXUAL DESIRE! It is also LIFE FORCE, (definitions are broader, not just wrapped up in sex and aggression)
10
Q
- Explain ADLER’s striving for SUPERIORITY. (3)
A
- “UNIVERSAL SUBCONSCIOUS DRIVE to adapt, improve oneself, and master life’s challenges
- motivated by INFERIORITY FEELINGS (kids feel weak and helpless in comparison w/ competent older children and adults…); some ppl might develop an INFERIORITY COMPLEX(try to achieve status, gain power over others, gain trappings of success e.g. clothes, cars…worry more about APPEARANCES than REALITY
- overcoming these feelings of inferiority is called COMPENSATION
11
Q
- Evaluate the CONTRIBUTIONS of PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY of PERSONALITY. (4)
A
PROVED that:
- UNCONSCIOUS FORCES can influence behavior
- INTERNAL CONFLICTS plays a role in generating ANXIETY
- CHILD experiences can have a PROFOUND impact on ADULT personality
- ppl use DEFENSE MECHANISMs to reduce experience of unpleasant feelings
12
Q
- Explain SKINNER’s view of PERSONALITY as a collection of response tendencies shaped by operant conditioning. (4)
A
- note: showed little interest in what was going on “INSIDE” of ppl; was only interested in OBSERVABLE BEHAVIOR.
- argued for a strong brand of DETERMINISM (behavior is fully determined by ENVIRONMENT)
- why do ppl show CONSISTENT pattern of behaviors? we all have STABLE RESPONSE TENDENCIES, as a result of new experience.
- -> an individuals personality is “a COLLECTION of RESPONSE TENDENCIES that are tied to various STIMULUS SITUATION.”
13
Q
- Explain BANDURA’s view of RECIPROCAL DETERMINISM and SELF-EFFICACY in shaping PERSONALITY. (3)
A
- a brand of behaviorism: social learning theory; personality is largely shaped by environment, but people are NOT PASSIVE participants (they are proactive, self-reflecting…)
- RECIPROCAL DETERMINISM: ENVIRONMENT determines BEHAVIOR, but behavior also determines environment (ppl they hang around); PERSONAL FACTORS (beliefs and expectancies) also influence behavior and environment
- SELF-EFFICACY: influences which challenges ppl tackle, and how well they perform (self efficacy can be high or low); depends on situations tho –> you can feel confident about handling difficult social situations, but doubtful of ability to handle academic challenges.
14
Q
- Describe ROGERS’ PERSON-CENTERED theory of PERSONALITY. How does it fulfill HUMANISTIC principles? (4)
A
- emphasizes SELF-REALIZATION, uses exercises intended to foster personal growth.
- personality is composed of your SELF-CONCEPT (which is subjective);
- note: sometimes your self-concept and reality might now fit –> INCONGRUENCE –> higher anxiety; defense mechanism: deny it, make up excuses; reality: you’re selfish. you: no I’m nice! other people don’t understand me!
- development of self-concept: CHILDHOOD, whether your parents were unconditional or not in their love of you. (if not, you might be led to be to believe that ppl’s affection for you is conditional, and that you have to block out your bad traits)
15
Q
- Describe MASLOW’s hierarchy of NEEDS.
A
- see BARRONs.
