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AP Psychology > Chapter 6: Learning > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

Learning is commonly defined as a LONG LASTING .. in .. resulting from ..

A
  • CHANGE
  • BEHAVIOR
  • EXPERIENCE
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2
Q

Around the turn of the 20th century, a Russian PHYSIOLOGIST name .. .. inadvertently discovered a kind of .. while studying .. in ..

A
  • IVAN PAVLOV
  • LEARNING
  • DIGESTION IN DOGS
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3
Q

Classical conditioning elements (4)

A
  • UNCONDITIONED/CONDITIONED STIMULUS

- UNCONDITIONED/CONDITIONED RESPONSE

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4
Q

ACQUISITION is a stage of the .. processes and occurs when a .. has been ..

A
  • CONDITIONING
  • RESPONSE
  • ESTABLISHED
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5
Q

DELAYED CONDITIONING (1)

A
  • Form of classical conditioning in which the CS comes on and STAYS ON FOR A PERIOD OF TIME before the US is presented
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6
Q

TRACE CONDITIONING (1)

A
  • the presentation of the CS, followed by a SHORT BREAK, followed by the presentation of the UCS
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7
Q

SIMULTANEOUS CONDITIONING (1)

A

CS and US are presented at the SAME TIME

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8
Q

types of CONDITIONING (4)

A
  • SIMULTANEOUS CONDITIONING
  • TRACE ‘’
  • DELAYED ‘’
  • BACKWARD ‘’
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9
Q

BACKWARD CONDITIONING (1)

A

US is PRESENTED FIRST and is followed by the CS.

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10
Q

“sometimes, after a CS has been extinguished and no further training of the animals has taken place, the response briefly reappears upon presentation of the CS.

A
  • SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY
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11
Q

In one famous, albeit ethically questionable, study, John .. and Rosalie .. conditioned a little boy named .. to fear a .. ..

A
  • WATSON
  • RAYNER
  • ALBERT
  • WHITE RAT
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12
Q

“stop biting their nails, some people paint them with truly horrible tasting materials”

A
  • AVERSIVE CONDITIONING
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13
Q

another way to say HIGHER ORDER CONDITIONING

A
  • SECOND ORDER CONDITIONING
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14
Q

John .. and Robert .. performed a famous experiment illustrating how RATS MORE READILY LEARNED to make certain ASSOCIATIONS with others.

A
  • GARCIA

- KOELLING

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15
Q

“research suggests that animals and humans are biologically prepared to make certain connections more easily than others.” (example)

A
  • LEARNED TASTE AVERSION
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16
Q

Garcia effect (1)

A
  • the ease with which animals learn TASTE AVERSIONS
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17
Q

Edward .. was one of the first people to research OPERANT CONDITIONING

A
  • THORNDIKE
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18
Q

OPERANT CONDITIONING (1)

A
  • kind of LEARNING based on CONSEQUENCES of one’s BEHAVIORS
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19
Q

Edward THORNDIKE was one of the first people to research .. ..

A
  • OPERANT CONDITIONING
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20
Q

THORNDIKE put forth the .. .. . that states that if the CONSEQUENCES of a behavior are PLEASANT, the … connection will be STRENGTHENED and the likelihood of the behavior will increase.

A
  • LAW OF EFFECT

- STIMULUS-RESPONSE

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21
Q

THORNDIKE used the term .. .. to describe his work because he believed the CONSEQUENCE was .. in shaping .. ..

A
  • INSTRUMENTAL LEARNING
  • INSTRUMENTAL
  • FUTURE BEHAVIOR
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22
Q

B. F. SKINNER who coined the term .. .., is the best-known PSYCHOLOGIST to research this form of learning.

A
  • OPERANT CONDITIONING
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23
Q

(2) kinds of REINFORCEMENTS exist…

A
  • POSITIVE

- NEGATIVE

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24
Q

POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT refers to..

A
  • the ADDITION of something PLEASANT
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25
Q

NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT refers to..

A
  • the REMOVAL of something UNPLEASANT
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26
Q

“usually has a way to deliver food to an animal and a LEVER to press or DISK to peck in order to get the food.”

A
  • SKINNER BOX
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27
Q

In a SKINNER BOX, the food is the .., and the process of giving food is called the ..

A
  • REINFORCER

- REINFORCEMENT

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28
Q

“terminate a loud noise or shock in response to the press of a lever.”

A
  • NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT
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29
Q

“If Sammy creates a ruckus in the English class he hates and is asked to leave, he is evidencing..”

A
  • ESCAPE BEHAVIOR
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30
Q

“If Sammy cuts English class, he is showing..”

A
  • AVOIDANCE BEHAVIOR
31
Q

“affecting behavior by using unpleasant consequences.”

A
  • PUNISHMENT
32
Q

(2) types of PUNISHMENT

A
  • POSITIVE PUNISHMENT (or simply punishment)

- OMISSION TRAINING/NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT

33
Q

“ADDITION of something UNPLEASANT.”

A
  • POSITIVE PUNISHMENT
34
Q

“REMOVAL of something PLEASANT.”

A
  • OMISSION TRAINING (NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT)
35
Q

“give a rat an electric shock every time it touches the lever”

A
  • (POSITIVE) PUNISHMENT
36
Q

“remove a rat’s food when it touches the lever.”

A
  • OMISSION TRAINING
37
Q

“rewarding the rat for doing APPROXIMATIONS of the desired behavior.”

A
  • SHAPING
38
Q

“Subjects can also be taught to perform a number of responses successively in order to get a reward. This process is known as ..”

A
  • CHAINING
39
Q

“teaching a rat to run through an obstacle course in order to obtain food as a reward.”

A
  • CHAINING
40
Q

“occurs when the rat LEARNS to press the LEVER to get the REWARD.”

A
  • ACQUISITION
41
Q

“occurs when the rat CEASES to press the LEVER because the REWARD no longer RESULTS from this action.”

A
  • EXTINCTION
42
Q

“would occur if, after having EXTINGUISHED the bar press RESPONSE and without providing any further training, the rat began to press the bar again.”

A
  • SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY
43
Q

“would be if the rat began to press OTHER THINGS in the Skinner box, or the bar in other boxes.”

A
  • GENERALIZATION
44
Q

“would involve teaching the rat to ONLY press a PARTICULAR bar or to press the bar only under CERTAIN CONDITIONS.

A
  • DISCRIMINATION
45
Q

(2) main types of REINFORCERS

A
  • PRIMARY REINFORCERS

- SECONDARY REINFORCERS

46
Q

“special kind of secondary reinforcer because it can be traded for virtually anything. Is called a .. ..”

A
  • MONEY

- GENERALIZED REINFORCER

47
Q

“food, water, rest…”

A
  • PRIMARY REINFORCERS
48
Q

“praise, chance to play a video game…”

A
  • SECONDARY REINFORCERS
49
Q

“a form of BEHAVIOR THERAPY that has been used in some MENTAL INSTITUTIONS, PRISONS, and SCHOOLS; patients are rewarded with tokens for APPROPRIATE BEHAVIOR and the tokens may be cashed in for valued rewards”

A
  • TOKEN ECONOMY
50
Q

“idea that REINFORCING PROPERTIES of sth DEPEND on the situation.”

A
  • PREMACK PRINCIPLE
51
Q

“when you are first teaching a new behavior, rewarding the behavior EACH TIME is best. This process is known as .. ..”

A
  • CONTINUOUS REINFORCEMENT
52
Q

“according to the .. .. .., BEHAVIORS will be more RESISTANT to EXTINCTION if the animal has not been reinforced continuously.”

A
  • PARTIAL-REINFORCEMENT EFFECT
53
Q

“provides REINFORCEMENT after a SET NUMBER of RESPONSES.”

A
  • FIXED-RATIO SCHEDULE
54
Q

FR-5

A
  • rewarded EVERY TIME (fixed-ratio) after every FIFTH BAR PRESS
55
Q

“a rat on a .. schedule might be rewarded after the 2nd press, the 9th press, the 3rd press…so on; the .. # of presses required to receive the reward will be FIVE

A
  • VR-5 (variable-ratio)

- AVERAGE

56
Q

“In a .. minute schedule the rat will be reinforced for the FIRST BAR PRESS that occurs after 3 MINUTES have passed.”

A
  • FI-3 (fixed interval)
57
Q

In a .. minute schedule, the rat will become reinforced for the first response made after an AVERAGE of 3 minutes.

A
  • VI-3 (variable interval)
58
Q

“the tendency for animals to FORGO REWARDS to pursue their TYPICAL PATTERNS of BEHAVIOR.”

A
  • INSTINCTIVE DRIFT
59
Q

“pigs refuse to put disks into a bank-like object and tend, instead, to bury the disks in the ground.”

A
  • INSTINCTIVE DRIFT
60
Q

“The .. model of CLASSICAL CONDITIONING, is known as the .. .. because it postulates that the more two things are paired, the greater the learning that will take place.”

A
  • PAVLOVIAN

- CONTIGUITY MODEL

61
Q

ROBERT .. revised the PAVLOVIAN MODEL to take into account more complex set of circumstances.

A
  • RESCORLA
62
Q

★ types of LEARNING (6)

A

(COOLAID w/out the D)

  • CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
  • OPERANT
  • OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING
  • LATENT LEARNING
  • ABSTRACT LEARING
  • INSIGHT LEARNING
63
Q

RESCORLA’s .. model of CLASSICAL CONDITIONING reflects more of a .. spin

A
  • CONTIGENCY

- COGNITIVE

64
Q

OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING is also known as ..

A
  • MODELING
65
Q

Albert BANDURA studied ..

A
  • OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING
66
Q

Edward TOLMAN extensively studied ..

A
  • LATENT LEARNING
67
Q

MODELING has (2) basic components :

A
  • OBSERVATION and IMITATION
68
Q

“learning that becomes OBVIOUS only once a REINFORCEMENT is given for demonstrating it.”

A
  • LATENT LEARNING
69
Q

“rats in a MAZE EXPERIMENT; one group with reward, the other without reward.”

A
  • LATENT LEARNING
70
Q

“involves understanding concepts such as TREE or SAME rather than learning simply to press a bar or peck a dish in order to secure a reward.”

A
  • ABSTRACT LEARNING
71
Q

“pigeons that have been shown a particular shape were rewarded when the picked the SAME SHAPE out of two choices.”

A
  • ABSTRACT LEARNING
72
Q

Wolfgang KOHLER is well known for his studies of .. ..

A
  • INSIGHT LEARNING
73
Q

“occurs when one SUDDENLY realizes how to solve a problem.”

A
  • INSIGHT LEARNING
74
Q

“GUY WHO DESIGNED EXPERIMENT? room with several boxes, a monkey, and a banana suspended on a string. TYPE OF LEARNING.”

A
  • KOHLER

- INSIGHT LEARNING

AP Psychology (27 decks)

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