7: Human Memory: Key Learning Goals

Question 1

(ENCODING)ATTENTION, which fosters .., is INHERENTLY .. and has been compared to a … The COCKTAIL PARTY PHENOMENON suggests that input is screened .. in mental PROCESSING. Evidence indicates that the LOCATION of the attention filter(early/late) may be .., depending on the .. .. of current processing. .. .. undermines encoding and performance on other tasks, including driving.

Answer 1

• ENCODING - SELECTIVE - FILTER - LATE - FLEXIBLE - COGNITIVE LOAD - DIVIDED ATTENTION

Question 2

(ENCODING)According to the .. of .. theory, STRUCTURAL, .., and .. encoding represent progressively .. levels of .. This generally results in a better .. of information.

Answer 2

• LEVELS OF PROCESSING THEORY - PHONEMIC - SEMANTIC - DEEPER - PROCESS - RECALL

Question 3

(ENCODING).. enriches ENCODING by LINKING stimulus to other information. The creation of .. .. to REPRESENT words can enrich encoding. .. ‘’ ‘’ may help by creating two .. .. rather than just one. .. .. .. that emphasizes PERSONAL RELEVANCE may be especially useful in facilitating retention. Increasing the .. to remember at the time of the encoding can enhance memory.

Answer 3

• ELABORATION - VISUAL IMAGES - VISUAL - MENTAL CODES - SELF-REFERENT ENCODING - MOTIVATION

Question 4

Ways to improve MEMORY (4)

Answer 4

• ELABORATION - VISUAL IMAGERY - PERSONAL RELEVANCE - MOTIVATION

Question 5

LEVELS OF PROCESSING THEORY (3)

Answer 5

• STRUCTURAL - does it have a ‘T’? - PHONEMIC - does it rhyme with mat? - SEMANTIC - does it fit in the sentence: he petted the ___ ?

Question 6

(STORAGE)SHORT TERM MEMORY can maintain .. information for about 10-20 sec. STM has a .. CAPACITY that has long been believed to be about .. CHUNKS of information. However a more recent estimate suggesting that the .. of STM is .. items +/- 1 is becoming increasingly influential.

Answer 6

• UNREHEARSED - LIMITED - 7 - CAPACITY - 4

Question 7

(STORAGE)The .. .. preserves information in its ORIGINAL form, probably for only a FRACTION of a … Some THEORIES view .. PERSISTENCE as more like an .. than a memory.

Answer 7

• SENSORY STORE - SECOND - STIMULUS - ECHO

Question 7

(STORAGE) STM appears to involve more than simple reheasal loop and has been reconceptualized by Baddeley as working memory.

Answer 7

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Question 7

STM appears to involve more than a simple .. LOOP and has been reconceptualized by Baddeley as .. ..’’ ‘’ includes the .. loop(repeating a phonenumber over an over again to remember), the .. sketchpad(mentally rearrange furniture in your room), a central .. system(switching the focus of attention), and an .. buffer(interface b/w LTM and STM). Individual differences in working memory capacity correlate with measures of many cognitive abilities.

Answer 7

• REHEARSAL - WORKING MEMORY - PHONOLOGICAL - VISIOSPATIAL - EXECUTIVE - EPISODIC

Question 8

Answer 8

• SEMANTIC NETWORK

Question 9

Answer 9

• CONCEPTUAL HIERARCHY

Question 10

(STORAGE)LONG TERM MEMORY is an .. .. store that may hold information .. Penfield’s ESB research and the existence of .. .. suggest LTM storage may be .., but .. is not convincing

Answer 10

• UNLIMITED CAPACITY - INDEFINITELY- FLASHBULB MEMORIES - PERMANENT - EVIDENCE

Question 11

Information in LONG TERM MEMORY can be organized in SIMPLE CATEGORIES or .. .. SYSTEMS called .. .. A SCHEMA is an .. .. of knowledge about a particular .. or .. Generally, people are more likely to remember things that are .. with their SCHEMAS

Answer 11

• CLASSIFICATION - CONCEPTUAL HIERARCHIES - ORGANIZED CLUSTER - OBJECT OR EVENT - CONSISTENT

Question 12

SEMANTIC NETWORKS consist of .. joined by … Research suggests that activation spreads along the paths of semantic networks to activate .. .. words. Parallel distributed processing models of memory assert that specific memories corresponds to particular .. of activation in connectionist networks.

Answer 12

• CONCEPTS - PATHWAYS - CLOSELY ASSOCIATED - PATTERNS

Question 13

(RETRIEVAL)”temporary inability to remember sth you now, which feels just out of reach.” Represents a .. in RETRIEVAL

Answer 13

–> TIP OF THE TONGUE PHENOMENON

• FAILURE

Question 14

(RETRIEVAL) MEMORY can be JOGGED by .. .. Reinstating the .. of an event can also .. recall. This factor may account for cases in which .. appears to aid recall of previously forgotten information. However, ‘’ seems to increase people’s .. to report .. information

Answer 14

• RETRIEVAL CUES - CONTEXT - FACILITATE - HYPNOSIS - TENDENCY - INCORRECT

Question 15

(RETRIEVAL) ways to help retrieval (2)

Answer 15

• RETRIEVAL CUES
• REINSTATE CONTEXT OF EVENT (GOING BACK TO THE PLACE IT HAPPENED) –> HYPNOSIS helps bcos tells person to picture them in the place the even occured

Question 16

(RETRIEVAL) Memories are not .. .. of PAST EXPERIENCES. Memory is partially .. Research by LOFTUS on the .. effect shows that .. learned .. an event can .. one’s MEMORY of the event. Even the simple act of .. a story can introduce .. into memory.

Answer 16

• EXACT REPLICAS - RECONSTRUCTIVE - MISINFORMATION - INFORMATION - AFTER - ALTER - RETELLING - INACCURACIES

Question 17

(RETRIEVAL) .. .. involves DECIDING whether memories are BASED ON .. of actual events or on just THINKING about events.

Answer 17

• REALITY MONITORING
• PERCEPTING

Question 18

(RETRIEVAL) “the process of making ATTRIBUTIONS about the origins of memories.” Did I hear this on Oprah or did I see it in the Scientific magazine? –> errors are common

Answer 18

• SOURCE MONITORING

Question 19

(RETRIEVAL) “involves recalling to WHOM one has told what” Have I told you this story before? –> more COMMON for errors than SOURCE MONITORING because people tend to be .. .. when they tell the story.

Answer 19

–> DESTINATION MEMORY

• SELF FOCUSED

Question 20

(FORGETTING) EBBINGHAUS’ early studies of .. .. suggested that people forget very .. Subsequent research shows that Ebbinghaus’ forgetting curve was exceptionally … FORGETTING can be MEASURED by asking people to .., .., or relearn information. Different METHODS of measuring retention often reproduce different .. of forgetting. .. (e.g. multiple choice) measures tend to yeld HIGHER estimates of retention than recall measures.

Answer 20

• NONSENSE SYLLABLES - RAPIDLY - STEEP - RECALL, RECOGNIZE - ESTIMATES - RECOGNITION

Question 21

(FORGETTING) Some forgetting, including PSEUDOFORGETTING, is caused by .. .. of information, which is usually due to .. .. .. DECAY THEORY proposed that forgetting occurs .. with the passage of .. It has proven .. to show tha decay occurs in ..

Answer 21

• INEFFECTIVE ENCODING - LACK OF ATTENTION - SPONTANEOUSLY - TIME - DIFFICULT - LTM

Question 22

(FORGETTING) “occurs when old learning interferes with new information” - the professor has a harder time remembering the names of people in class because he has learned so many names in the past

Answer 22

• PROACTIVE LEARNING

Question 23

(FORGETTING) “occurs when new learning interferes with old information” - the professor is having trouble remembering people’s names from a year or two before because he has learned new people’s names and they have overridden the names he learned in the past.

Answer 23

• RETROACTIVE LEARNING

Question 24

(FORGETTING) “proposes that people forget information because of competition from other material”

Answer 24

• INTERFERENCE THEORY

Question 25

RECOVERED MEMORIES about ABUSE pros (2)

Answer 25

• CHILD ABUSE IS COMMON
• REPRESSION IS A NORMAL RESPONSE

Question 26

RECOVERED MEMORIES of ABUSE (cons) (3)

Answer 26

• THERAPISTS PROD PATIENTS TO INADVERTENTLY CREATE MEMORIES OF ABUSE
• CREATING FALSE MEMORIES IS NOT DIFICULT BECAUSE MEMORY IS MALLEABLE

–> MEMORIES RECOVERED SPONTANEOUSLY(by e.g. returning to the scene of the crime) ARE MORE RELIABLE

Question 27

(PHYSIOLOGY OF MEMORY) According to KANDEL, memory traces reflect ALTERATIONS in .. release at SPECIFIC .. THOMPSON’S research suggests that memory traces my consist of .. .. .. Memories may also depend on LONG TERM POTENTIATION, which is the DURABLE .. in neural .. at .. along a specific .. .. ; .. may contribute to the SCULPTING of NEURAL CIRCUITS for memories.

Answer 27

• NEUROTRANSMITTER - SYNAPSES - LOCALIZED NEURAL CIRCUITS - INCREASE - EXCITABILITY - SYNAPSES - NEURAL PATHWAY - NEUROGENESIS

Question 28

“a 25 year old gymnast who sustains a head trauma might find the prior three years, seven years, or her entire lifetime erased.”

Answer 28

• RETROGRADE AMNESIA

Question 29

“After her accident, the injured gymnast might suffer impaired abillity to remember people she meets, where she has parked her car, and so on.”

Answer 29

• ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA

Question 30

(PHYSIOLOGY OF MEMORY) STUDIES of AMNESIA and other research suggest that the .. and the broader MEDIAL .. .. system play a major role in MEMORY. These areas may be crucial to the .. of ..

Answer 30

• HIPPOCAMPUS - TEMPORAL LOBE - CONSOLIDATION OF MEMORY

Question 31

TYPES of MEMORY (3)

Answer 31

• DECLARATIVE VS. PROCEDURAL
• SEMANTIC VS. EPISODIC
• PROSPECTIVE VS. RETROSPECTIVE

Question 32

“this memory system handles factual information e.g. the rules to basketball”

Answer 32

• DECLARATIVE MEMORY

Question 33

“houses memory for actions, skills, conditioned responses, and emotional responses – e.g. how to shoot a three-pointer; how to dribble”

Answer 33

PROCEDURAL/NONDECLARATIVE MEMORY

Question 34

“made up of chronological recollections of personal experiences – e.g. your first kiss”

Answer 34

• EPISODIC MEMORY

Question 35

“contains GENERAL KNOWLEDGE that is not tied to the time when the information was learned – the names of the months, when JFK was assasinated…”

Answer 35

• SEMANTIC MEMORY

Question 36

“remembering to perform actions in the future–remember to check the mailbox! give homeork to teacher…”

Answer 36

• PROSPECTIVE MEMORY

Question 37

“remembering events from the past; previously learned information”

Answer 37

• RETROSPECTIVE MEMORY