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AP Psychology > 3: Biological Bases to Behavior > Flashcards

3: Biological Bases to Behavior Flashcards

0
Q

EEG (2)

A
  • electroencephalograph
  • device that monitors the ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY of the brain over time by means of recording ELECTRODES attached to the surface of the SCALP
  • different brain WAVE patterns are associated w. dif states of MENTAL ACTIVITY
  • diagnosis of brain damage n epilepsy
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1
Q

LOCATION n FUNCTION of BROCA’S AREA

A

LOC: LEFT part of PREFONTAL CORTEX
FCT: SPEECH (if damaged, individual can’t speak correctly)

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2
Q

TMS (4)

A
  • new technique that permits scientists to temporarily ENHANCE or DEPRESS activity in a specific area of the brain
  • “VIRTUAL LESIONS”
  • penetrates 2 CM
  • delivered from MAGNET mounted on a small PADDLE
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3
Q

lesioning (2)

A
  • involves DESTROYING a piece of BRAIN
  • typ. done by inserting an ELECTRODE into a brain structure n passing a high frequency ELECTRIC CURRENT thru it to BURN the tissue n disable the structure
  • hunger regulation
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4
Q

ESB (3)

A
  • electrical stimulation of the brain
  • involves sending a weak ELECTRIC CURRENT into the brain structure to stimulate (ACTIVATE) it.
  • mostly conducted on ANIMALS but humans play a role to in the context of BRAIN SURGERY
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5
Q

MRI (3)

A
  • magnetic resonance imaging
  • uses MAGNETIC fields, radio WAVES, and computer enhancement to map out brain structure
  • 3DIMENSIONlAL, hi resolution
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6
Q

CT scan (2)

A
  • computerized tomography scan
  • computer enhanced XRAY of brain structure
    MULTIPLE x rays are shot from many ANGLES, n the computer combines the readings to create image from HORIZONTAL slice of brain
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7
Q

LOCATION + FUNCTION of PITUITARY (6)

A
  • LOC: BOTTOM of brain
  • FCT: “CAPTAIN of the team”
    • “DISTRIBUTOR”
    • recieves hormones from the HYPOTHALAMUS
    • influences METABOLISM
    • “sends hormones that activate OTHERS”
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8
Q

LOCATION n FUNCTION of HYPOTHALAMUS

A 
LOC: near base of FOREBRAIN
- under THALAMUS
FCT: BASIC biological needs (4Fs: fighting, fleeing, feeding and f***ing)
- LINK b.w brain n ENDOCRINE system
- controls AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
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9
Q

fMRI (2)

A
  • functional magnetic resonance imaging

- monitors BLOOD FLOW and OXYGEN CONSUMPTION in brain to identify areas of HI ACTIVITY

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10
Q

LOCATION + FUNCTION of RETICULAR FORMATION

A

LOC: - runs thru HINDBRAIN n MIDBRAIN
- located at CENTRAL core of BRAINSTEM
FCT: contributes to regulation of MUSCLE reflexes, BREATHING, PAIN perception, SLEEP/AROUSAL

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11
Q

LOCATION n FUNCTION of HIPPOCAMPUS?

A

LOC: LIMBIC system
FCT: role in memory processes
Neurogenesis, conversion of memory to long term

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12
Q

LOCATION n FUNCTION of THALAMUS

A

LOC: strucure in the FOREBRAIN
FCT: relays all SENSORY info (except smell) to dif parts of the CEREBRAL CORTEX
- takes ACTIVE role in integrating information

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13
Q

PET scan (3)

A
  • positron emission tomography
  • examines BRAIN FUNCTION, mapping brain activity
  • RADIOACTIVELY TAGGED chemicals introduced into the brain and serve as MARKERS of blood flow or METABOLIC ACTIVITY
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14
Q

LOCATION n FUNCTION of TEMPORAL LOBES

A

LOC: located near the TEMPLES n beneath the PARIETAL lobe
FCT: contains an area devoted to AUDITORY processing, called the PRIMARY AUDITORY CORTEX

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15
Q

LOCATION n FUNCTION of AMYGDALA

A

LOC: LIMBIC system
FCT: role in learning of FEAR responses n processing of other basic RESPONSES

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16
Q

LOCATION n FUNCTION of CEREBELLUM

A

LOC: relatively LARGE and deeply FOLDED structure located next to the BACK surface of the BRAINSTEM
FCT: COORDINATION(writing, typing, playing an instrument) n BALANCE
(Alchohol tests)

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17
Q

The AMYGDALA is located in the .. .. , at the end of each .. .., and is VITAL to our experiences of .. (–> …)

A
  • LIMBIC SYSTEM
  • HIPPOCAMPAL ARM
  • EMOTION
  • FEAR
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19
Q

The CEREBELLUM is involved with .. (writing, typing, playing an instrument) and .. (alcohol tests)

A
  • COORDINATION

- BALANCE

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20
Q

LOCATION n FUNCTION of OCCIPITAL LOBE

A

LOC: back of the head
FCT: includes cortical area where most VISUAL SIGNALS are sent n visual processing begins
–>PRIMARY VISUAL CORTEX

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21
Q

LOCATION n FUNCTION of PARIETAL LOBE

A

LOC: FORWARD of the occipital lobe
FCT: includes area that registers the sense of TOUCH, called the PRIMARY SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX

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21
Q

The MEDULLA is part of the .., and attaches to the .. .. It controls largely .. but .. functions (e.g. circulating .., .., sneezing, coughing, ..)

A
  • HIND BRAIN
  • SPINAL CORD
  • UNCONSCIOUS but VITAL
  • BLOOD
  • BREATHING
  • SALIVATING
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22
Q

The LOCUS COERILEUS is located in the .. .. and CONTROLS .. .. .

A
  • FRONTAL LOBE

- ATTENTION TO ENVIRONMENT

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24
Q

SEROTONIN plays a prominent role in .. ..

A
  • MOOD CONTROL
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25
Q

WERNICKE’s AREA is located in the .. .. in the .. ..; it plays a major role in .. .. (damage in this area would lead to ..)

A
  • TEMPORAL LOBE
  • LEFT HEMISPHERE
  • LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
  • problems with language comprehension duh
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26
Q

CORPUS CALLOSUM is the .. of .. that passes between the two .. ..; its FUNCTIONS include .. b/w .. .. and .. ..

A

BRIDGE of FIBERS

  • CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES
  • COMMUNICATION B/W BRAIN HEMISPHERE
  • EYE MOVEMENT
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27
Q

“EVERY MOVE you make (talking, walking, breathing) depends on this neurotransmitter, which is released to .. by .. ..”

A
  • ->ACETYLCHOLINE
  • MUSCLES
  • MOTOR NEURONS
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28
Q

DOPAMINE is used by neurons to control .. .. and plays a role in .. ; the degeneration of such neurons contribute to .. .. (marked by tremors, muscle rigidity, n reduced control over voluntary movements) and .. (+dopamine)

A
  • VOLUNTARY MOVEMENT
  • ALERTNESS
  • PARKINSON’s DISEASE
  • SCHIZOPHRENIA
29
Q

GLUTAMATE is an .. .. distributed in the ..; it is .. and contributes to .. and ..; disturbances in gaba circuits may contribute to some types of .. ..

A
  • AMINO ACID
  • BRAIN
  • EXCITATORY
  • LEARNING n MEMORY
  • SCHIZOPHRENIA
30
Q

GABA is an .. .. distributed in the ..; it is .. and is involved in the REGULATION of ..; disturbances in gaba circuits may contribute to some types of .. ..

A
  • AMINO ACID
  • BRAIN
  • INHIBITORY
  • ANXIETY
  • ANXIETY DISORDERS
31
Q

ENDORPHINS contribute to the MODULATION of .., .. behavior, the body’s response to .., and pleasurable feelings of ..

A
  • PAIN
  • EATING
  • STRESS
  • EUPHORIA (“runner’s high”)
32
Q

SOMA contains the .. .. and much of the .. .. COMMON to MOST cells.

A
  • NUCLEUS

- CHEMICAL MACHINERY

33
Q

DENDRITES definition

A
  • part of neuron that is specialized to RECIEVE INFORMATION
34
Q

AXON definition

A
  • long thin fiber that TRANSMITS SIGNALS away from the SOMA to other NEURONS, or MUSCLES, or GLANDS.
35
Q

“INSULATING material that coats some axons and that acts to SPEED up the transmission of signals that move along the axon.”

  • if an axon’s ‘’ …, its signals may not be transmitted effectively. –> .. .. (loss of muscle control)
A
  • MYELIN SHEATHE
  • DETERIORATES
  • MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
36
Q

TERMINAL BUTTONS definition

A
  • small nobs that secrete chemicals called NEUROTRANSMITTER
37
Q

SYNAPSE definition

A
  • JUNCTION where information is transmitted from one neuron to the other
38
Q

GLIAL CELLS are found throughout the .. .. and provide various types of .. for NEURONS. For example, they supply .. and remove .. ..; the .. .. are derived from SPECIAL TYPES of GLIAL CELLS

A
  • NERVOUS SYSTEM
  • SUPPORT
  • NOURISHMENT
  • WASTE PRODUCTS
  • MYELIN SHEATHES
38
Q

“Reweighting”

A
  • TERMINAL BUTTONS become BIGGER the more the terminal is USED
39
Q

“Rewiring”

A
  • AXONS and DENDRITES are rerouting if they get cut up
40
Q

What function does each hemisphere perform most efficiently? LEFT (5) RIGHT (4)

A

LEFT: VERBAL PROCESSING: language, speech, reading n writing
RIGHT: VISUAL, SPATIAL TASKS (localizing a dot, recognizing a face), MUSICAL, perception of EMOTIONS

41
Q

“Reconnecting”

A
  • Dendrites constantly CHANGE/INCREASE their network
42
Q

REUPTAKE (2)

A
  • PROCESS in which NEUROTRANSMITTERS are REABSORBED from the SYNAPTIC CLEFT by the PRESYNAPTIC MEMBRANE
  • allows synapses to RECYCLE their materials
43
Q

NEUROTRANSMITTER

A
  • CHEMICALS that TRANSMIT information from one NEURON to another
44
Q

POST SYNAPTIC POTENTIAL (PSP)

A
  • VOLTAGE CHANGE at the RECEPTOR SITE on a POSTSYNAPTIC CELL MEMBRANE
  • nature of the PSP (EXCITATORY/INHIBITORY) depends on which receptors are activated
46
Q

“DOWN TIME” (be4 SODIUM gates open again) during this time, another .. .. cannot begin (1-2 milliseconds)”

A
  • ->REFRACTORY PERIOD

- ACTION POTENTIAL

47
Q

Excitatory PSP + E.G.

A
  • POSITIVE VOLTAGE SHIFT that INCREASES the LIKELIHOOD that the POSTSYNAPTIC neuron will fire action potentials
  • glutamate
47
Q

MIRROR neurons (4)

A
  • discovered in monkey’s primary motor cortex
  • in prefrontal lobe n parietal lobe
  • neurons that are activated by PERFORMING an action or by SEEING another monkey or person perform the same action
  • fundamental role in acquisition of new MOTOR SKILLS(n EMPATHY?)
48
Q

Inhibitory PSP + E.G.

A
  • NEGATIVE VOLTAGE SHIFT that DECREASES the LIKELIHOOD that the POSTSYNAPTIC neuron will fire ACTION POTENTIALS
  • gaba
49
Q

AFFERENT vs EFFERENT

A

Afferent (sensory neurons): neurons that send information TO the CNS
Efferent (motor neurons): neurons that recieve information FROM the CNS

50
Q

LOC + FUNCTION + 1 HORMONE of PITUITARY

A
  • LOC: below HYPOTHALAMUS (pea sized)
  • FCT: “master gland” of endocrine system: releases VARIETY of hormones, STIMULATING actions in other endocrine glands
  • OXYTOCIN (reproductive behaviors)
51
Q

“3Rs”

A
  • rewire, reconnection, reweighting
52
Q

Organization of Nervous System(6)

A
  • CNS (brain n spinal chord)
  • PNS (other nerves) :
    • SOMATIC
    • ANTONOMIC ( heart, blood vessels, smooth muscles, glands)
      • SYMPATHETIC DIV.: mobilizes bodies resources 4 emergencies
      • PARASYMPATHIC DIV.: conserves bodily resources
53
Q

TWIN STUDIES assess .. .. by comparing resemblance of .. (..) and ..(..) twins

A
  • HEREDITARY INFLUENCE
  • IDENTICAL (100%)
  • FRATERNAL (50%)
54
Q

In FAMILY STUDIES, researchers assess .. .. by examining .. .. to see how much they .. one another on a specific trait. For example, scientists have proved GENETIC INFLUENCES have a role in the development of .. (the more closely related, the more likely to get it)

A
  • HEREDITARY INFLUENCE
  • BLOOD RELATIVES
  • RESEMBLE
  • SCHIZOPHRENIA
55
Q

e.g of how GENOTYPE can determine a BEHAVIORAL phenotype (2)

A
  • certain bird species genetically programmed to set up nests and hatch eggs at certain time
    (Bird arrives earlier : advantageous/disadvantageous)
  • birds genetically programmed to perform mating dance
56
Q

NOREPINEPHRIN is a .. hormone and .. most related to .. (chemically similar to ..: alertness). When released by the SYMPATHETIC NEURONS to the HEART, it INCREASES .. ..; it underlies the .. .. .. response

A
  • STRESS
  • NEUROTRANSMITTER
  • CONCENTRATION
  • DOPAMINE
  • HEART CONTRACTIONS
  • FIGHT OR FLIGHT
57
Q

How would an EVOLUTIONARY psychologist explain BEHAVIORAL traits?

A
  • SELECTION of behavioral traits is based off of how much they CONTRIBUTE to REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS
58
Q

MENINGES definition

A
  • SHEATHE protecting SPINAL and BRAIN STEM
59
Q

CEREBROSPINAL FLUID, a .. ‘..’ that CUSHIONS the .., is located inside the .. ..

A
  • NUTRITIVE ‘SOUP’
  • CORTEX
  • BRAIN VENTRICLES
60
Q

NEURAL NETWORKS are all the .. between the ..; connects .. to ..

A
  • PATHWAYS
  • NEURONS
  • MUSCLES
  • ORGANS
61
Q

The THYROID controls the RATE of .., the RAPIDITY of .. .., and the .. of body to other ..

A
  • METABOLISM
  • PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
  • SENSITIVITY
  • HORMONES
63
Q

The ADRENAL GLAND responds to .. by producing .. and .. It also influences .. ..

A
  • STRESS
  • EPINEPHRINE n NOREPINEPHRIN
  • KIDNEY FUNCTION
64
Q

The PANCREAS regulates….

A
  • SUGAR LEVELS IN THE BLOOD
65
Q

Ovaries produce .., and TESTES produce .. (e.g. ..); these hormones influence .. .. behavior and .. ..

A
  • ESTROGEN
  • ANDROGEN
  • TESTOSTERONE
  • REPRODUCTIVE SEXUAL
  • PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
66
Q

“E.g. Alligator turns towards sound of feet and starts padding towards sound”

A
  • LOCUS COERILEUS
67
Q

“a LACK of this NEUROTRANSMITTER is associated with CLINICAL DEPRESSION”

68
Q

The THIN VERTICAL STRIP at the BACK of FRONTAL LOBE controls our .. .. The BOTTOM of the BODY is controlled at the .. of this CORTEX

A
  • VOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS

- TOP

AP Psychology (27 decks)

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