Study guide 1 Flashcards
What are the 4 types of cellular adaptation?
The 4 types of cellular adaptation are hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy, and metaplasia.
What is dysplasia?
Dysplasia is an abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs.
What are the mechanisms causing cellular injury?
The mechanisms causing cellular injury include ischemia, hypoxia, and chemical agents, including drugs.
What is the difference between necrosis and apoptosis?
Necrosis is uncontrolled cell death due to injury, while apoptosis is programmed cell death.
What are electrolyte imbalances?
Electrolyte imbalances refer to abnormal levels of electrolytes in the body, categorized as hyper or hypo.
What are the clinical manifestations of hypernatremia?
Clinical manifestations of hypernatremia include thirst, confusion, and muscle twitching.
What are the clinical manifestations of hyponatremia?
Clinical manifestations of hyponatremia include headache, nausea, and seizures.
What are the clinical manifestations of hypokalemia?
Clinical manifestations of hypokalemia include muscle weakness, cramps, and arrhythmias.
What are the clinical manifestations of hyperkalemia?
Clinical manifestations of hyperkalemia include muscle weakness, fatigue, and heart palpitations.
What is Fluid Volume Overload?
Fluid Volume Overload is a condition where there is excess fluid in the body, leading to edema.
What are the causes of edema?
Causes of edema include heart failure, kidney disease, and liver disease.
What is the difference between acidosis and alkalosis?
Acidosis is a condition where blood pH is below 7.35, while alkalosis is above 7.45.
What is the blood pH for acidosis?
The blood pH for acidosis is below 7.35.
What is the blood pH for alkalosis?
The blood pH for alkalosis is above 7.45.
What does CO2 and HCO3 mean in relation to acid-base balance?
CO2 indicates respiratory function, while HCO3 indicates metabolic function in acid-base balance.
How do you interpret the ABG: pH 7.65, PaCO2 38, HCO3 40?
This ABG indicates metabolic alkalosis due to elevated HCO3.
What is the most common acid-base imbalance in the hospital setting?
The most common acid-base imbalance is metabolic acidosis, often due to diabetic ketoacidosis.
What are Kussmaul respirations?
Kussmaul respirations are deep, rapid respirations seen in metabolic acidosis.
What is the purpose of DNA and RNA?
DNA stores genetic information, while RNA is involved in protein synthesis.
What is the human karyotype?
The human karyotype is the complete set of chromosomes in an individual.
What is the difference between phenotype and genotype?
Phenotype is the observable traits, while genotype is the genetic makeup.
What are Turner, Klinefelter, and Down Syndromes?
These are genetic disorders characterized by chromosomal abnormalities.
What is innate immunity?
Innate immunity is the body’s first line of defense against pathogens.
What are the 4 barriers to prevent infection?
The 4 barriers are skin, mucous membranes, secretions, and normal flora.
What happens during inflammation?
During inflammation, blood vessels dilate, increasing blood flow and immune cell recruitment.
What are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation?
The 5 cardinal signs are redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function.
What are the benefits of inflammation?
Benefits of inflammation include isolation of pathogens and initiation of healing.
What are the 3 main plasma protein systems?
The 3 main plasma protein systems are the complement system, clotting system, and kinin system.
What are the 3 phases of wound healing?
The 3 phases are inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling.
What is adaptive immunity?
Adaptive immunity is the body’s ability to recognize and remember specific pathogens.
What is the difference between active and passive immunity?
Active immunity is developed through exposure to pathogens, while passive immunity is acquired from another source.
What is the difference between antigen and antibody?
An antigen is a substance that triggers an immune response, while an antibody is a protein that neutralizes antigens.
What are the 5 classes of antibodies?
The 5 classes are IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, and IgD.
What are the four inappropriate immune responses?
The four inappropriate immune responses are hypersensitivity, autoimmune diseases, alloimmune responses, and immunodeficiency.
What is hypersensitivity?
Hypersensitivity is an exaggerated immune response to an antigen.
What is anaphylaxis?
Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening allergic reaction.
What is the difference between autoimmune and alloimmune?
Autoimmune responses target the body’s own tissues, while alloimmune responses target foreign tissues from another individual.
What are blood types?
Blood types are classifications based on the presence of antigens on red blood cells.
What is the universal donor blood type?
The universal donor blood type is O-.
What is the universal recipient blood type?
The universal recipient blood type is AB+.
What are transfusion reactions?
Transfusion reactions occur when the recipient’s immune system attacks transfused blood.
What is the difference between primary and secondary immune deficiencies?
Primary immune deficiencies are genetic, while secondary immune deficiencies are acquired.
What are the five classes of organisms infectious to humans?
The five classes are bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, and prions.
What are the symptoms of infection?
Symptoms of infection include fever, fatigue, and localized pain.
What is cancer?
Cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth.
What is the difference between benign and malignant tumors?
Benign tumors are non-cancerous, while malignant tumors are cancerous and can spread.
What is Carcinoma in situ (CIS)?
CIS is a localized form of cancer that has not invaded surrounding tissues.
What is angiogenesis?
Angiogenesis is the formation of new blood vessels, which supports tumor growth.
What is metastasis?
Metastasis is the spread of cancer cells from the original site to other parts of the body.
What are the cancer system stages 1-4?
Stage 1 is localized, Stage 2 is regional, Stage 3 is advanced, and Stage 4 is metastatic.
What is the World Health Organization’s TNM system?
The TNM system classifies tumors based on size (T), lymph node involvement (N), and metastasis (M).
What are the modalities for cancer treatment?
The modalities include chemotherapy, surgery, radiation, immunotherapy, and complementary and alternative medicine (CAM).
What do margins mean in cancer treatment?
Margins refer to the border of healthy tissue surrounding a tumor removed during surgery.
What are the side effects of chemotherapy?
Side effects of chemotherapy can include nausea, hair loss, and increased risk of infection.
What are monoclonal antibodies?
Monoclonal antibodies are lab-made molecules that can bind to specific targets in the body.
What is the role of inflammation in cancer?
Inflammation can promote cancer development and progression.
What are lifestyle factors affecting cancer development?
Lifestyle factors include diet, physical activity, and tobacco use.
What are common environmental factors associated with cancer?
Common environmental factors include exposure to carcinogens, pollution, and radiation.
What are examples of infections that cause cancer?
Examples include human papillomavirus (HPV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV).
