Module 4: Practice Quizzes Flashcards
Which statement best describes a type I reaction?
Most type I reactions are allergic.
Most type I reactions are mediated by IgE and occur against environmental antigens.
Which is an example of an alloimmune disease?
Graves disease
It is a classic autoimmune, or alloimmune, disease.
Which statement is true regarding unmatched packed red blood cell (RBC) transfusions?
People with O type blood have neither A or B antigens.
Type O blood does not contain type A or B antigens.
Which blood type is the universal donor?
O-
Which blood type is the universal recipient?
AB+
Pregnancy, Diabetes, Burns, emotional trauma, and UV light are all examples of:
secondary immune deficiencies
True or False: Hypersensitivity reactions require sensitization against a particular antigen
True
A hypersensitivity reaction requires sensitivity to an antigen.
The Arthus reaction is an example of which type of sensitivity reaction?
III
How is hypersensitivity best defined?
An altered immunologic response to an antigen that results in disease
Hypersensitivity results in disease or damage to the host.
______i s a chronic, multisystem, inflammatory disease and is one of the most common, complex, and serious of the autoimmune disorders.
Systemic erythematosus (SLE)
It is one of the most common autoimmune disorders.
What are blood transfusion reactions an example of?
Alloimmunity
Alloimmunity occurs when the immune system produces a reaction against tissues of another individual.
A person with type AB+ blood needs a blood transfusion. What blood type does the healthcare professional prepare to administer to the patient?
B-, A+, AB+, AB-
AB+ can receive blood from AB+, A+, B+, and O+.
During an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction, what causes bronchospasm?
Smooth muscle contraction caused by histamine bound to H1 receptors.
Urticaria is a manifestation of which type of hypersensitivity reaction?
I
Urticaria, or hives, is a dermal manifestation of type I allergic reactions.
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is associated with which type of hypersensitivity reaction?
I
Which statement regarding fever is true?
The temperature is being regulated to a higher level than normal
Fever is not a failure of the body’s defense system but may actually be beneficial.
What is best described as an epidemic that spreads over a large area, such as the continent or worldwide?
Pandemic
The clinical process of infection occurs in which of the 4 distinct stages?
Prodromal, Invasion, convalescence, Incubation Period
Which infections are fungal?
Candida, Ringworm, Athlete’s foot
Which type of microorganism reproduces on the skin?
Bacteria and fungi
Only bacteria and fungi have the capacity to reproduce on the skin.
Cytokines are thought to cause fevers by stimulating the synthesis of which chemical mediator?
Prostaglandin
Cytokines seem to raise the thermoregulatory set point through stimulation of prostaglandin synthesis.
Considering the hypothalamus, what is a fever produced by?
Endogenous pyrogens acting directly on the hypothalamus
Endogenous pyrogens act directly on the hypothalamus.
Which secretions transmit HIV?
Semen, Breast milk
HIV is a blood-borne pathogen present in specific body fluids.
Which statement regarding tumors is true?
Cancer refers to a malignant tumor.
The term cancer refers to a malignant tumor with rapid growth, a loss of differentiation, and the absence of normal tissue organization.
Which is a characteristic of a malignant tumor?
They invade blood vessels and lymphatics and have distant metastases.
Malignant tumors have no capsule, which allows them to spread readily.
Which statement is true regarding the staging of cancer?
Cancers that have spread regionally are stage 3.
Cancer confined to the organ of origin is stage 1; locally invasive is stage 2; spread to regional structures is stage 3; and spread to distant sites is stage 4.
Which statement is true regarding metastasis?
Metastasis is a complex process that requires cells to have many new abilities, including the ability to invade, survive, and proliferate in a new environment.
Metastasis is highly inefficient; to metastasize, a cancer cell must surmount multiple physical and physiologic barriers.
Which statement characterizes radiation therapy?
Radiation is used to kill cancer cells while minimizing damage to normal structures.
Effective cell killing using radiation requires good local delivery of oxygen.
Which virus is linked to the development of cancer?
Hepatitis B, Human papillomavirus, Epstein-Barr virus, Hepatitis C.
Hepatitis B and C are linked to liver cancer; Epstein-Barr virus can lead to B-cell lymphomas; Human papillomavirus is linked to cervical and other cancers.
Carcinoma in situ is characterized by which changes?
Cells remain localized in the glandular or squamous cells.
Carcinoma in situ refers to preinvasive epithelial malignant tumors that have not invaded surrounding tissue.
What are tumor cell markers?
Hormones, enzymes, antigens, and antibodies that are produced by cancer cells.
Tumor markers are substances produced by both benign and malignant cells found in or on the tumor cells or in bodily fluids.
What are characteristics of benign tumors?
Benign tumors include the suffix -oma.
Benign tumors are usually encapsulated and well-differentiated, retaining some normal tissue structure.
What is the most commonly reported symptom of cancer treatment?
Fatigue.
Fatigue is the most frequently reported symptom of cancer and cancer treatment.
What is the most common route for distant metastasis?
Liver, Lung, bone
These organs are commonly involved in distant metastasis.
Carcinoma refers to abnormal cell proliferation originating from which tissue origin?
Epithelial cells.
Only cancers arising from epithelial cells are called carcinomas.
What is one function of the tumor cell marker?
To screen individuals at high risk for cancer.
Tumor markers can be used to help diagnose a specific type of cancer and to follow the clinical course of a tumor.
It has been determined that a patient’s tumor is in stage 2. How does the healthcare professional describe this finding to the patient?
Cancer is locally invasive.
Cancer confined to the organ of origin is stage 1; locally invasive is stage 2.
What does the health professions student learn about benign tumors?
The cells are well-differentiated.
A benign tumor is well-differentiated with its tissue appearing similar to the tissue from which it arose.
Which cancers are associated with chronic inflammation?
Colon, Urinary bladder, Thyroid gland.
Some organs are more susceptible to chronic inflammation’s oncogenic effects.
Which statement is true regarding obesity? (Select all that apply.)
It has been increasing rapidly over the past 20 years. Obesity is linked to an increased risk of developing many cancers.
A person drinks alcohol in excessive quantities. Which areas are likely to develop cancer related to alcohol consumption? (Select all that apply.)
Larynx, Pharynx, Liver, Oral cavity
Cancers of the gastrointestinal system are linked to alcohol and include cancer of the oral cavity, larynx, pharynx, hypopharynx, esophagus, and liver.
Which statements are true regarding melanoma? (Select all that apply.)
Individuals with a history of sunburns are at risk for melanoma. Melanoma is the most lethal form of skin cancer. Individuals with fair skin and hair color are at risk for melanoma.
Melanoma is the most lethal form of skin cancer and can occur on any skin surface. Risk factors vary for different types of skin cancer but include lighter natural skin color, family history of skin cancer, personal history of skin cancer, exposure to the sun, history of sunburns, indoor tanning, skin that burns easily, blue or green eyes, blonde or red hair, and certain types of moles.
Physical activity reduces the risk of which type(s) of cancer? (Select all that apply.)
Breast, Liver, Colon
Which of the following is the most common sexually transmitted virus?
HPV
Which substance has been shown to increase the risk of cancer when used in combination with tobacco smoking?
Alcohol
Alcohol interacts with smoke, increasing the risk of malignant tumors, possibly by acting as a solvent for the carcinogenic chemicals in smoke products.
Which environmental factors have been shown to have greatest significant effect on the frequency of genetic mutations in humans? (Select all that apply.)
Obesity, Tobacco use, Radiation exposure
Research has shown a link between cancer and which sexually transmitted disease?
Human papillomavirus
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted virus in the United States. High-risk HPVs can cause cancer.
What are the significant risk factors associated with the development of skin cancers? (Select all that apply.)
Light-colored hair, Freckles, Pale eyes, Fair skin
Which blood type is considered the universal donor?
O-
The book just says O.
What are the four blood types?
A, B, AB, O (can be positive or negative depending on Rh factor).
Which blood type is the universal recipient?
AB+
The book says AB.
What is immunologic homeostasis?
Steady state of tolerance to self-antigens or lack of immune reaction against environmental antigens.
What is alloimmunity?
Immune system of one individual produces an immunologic reaction against tissues of another individual.
What is hypersensitivity?
Altered immunologic response to an antigen that results in disease or damage to the host.
What is an allergy?
Deleterious effects of hypersensitivity to environmental antigens.
What blood type does a person with type O blood need for a transfusion?
O
Type O individuals have neither A or B antigen but have both anti-A and anti-B antibodies.
What is characteristic of Carcinoma in situ?
Cells remain localized in the glandular or squamous cells.
What are the most common sites where cancer spreads?
Bone, liver, lung.
What condition associated with cancer usually occurs because of malnutrition, chronic bleeding, and resultant iron deficiency?
Anemia.
What may be caused by cytokines and metabolites from the tumor in cancer?
Cachexia.
What stage is cancer when it has spread to distant sites such as liver, bone, brain?
Stage 4.
What is the staging system used by the World Health Organization?
TNM.
