Module 3: Practice Quizzes Flashcards
Which statement is true regarding the inflammatory response?
Inflammatory response generates a nonspecific response.
The inflammatory response is the second line of defense. It occurs at the site of tissue injury and generates a nonspecific response that involves cellular and chemical components. The inflammatory response occurs in tissues with a blood supply (vascularized).
Without ________ the innate immune system wouldn’t know when to activate because there would be no indication of a threat.
cytokines
Which are not natural barriers?
Resistance
Resistance is a means by which the body may avoid being infected, but it is not a natural barrier. The natural barriers include physical, biochemical, and mechanical, as well as inflammation at the body’s surfaces.
The classic symptoms of acute inflammation? (Select all that apply.)
Pain, Redness, Swelling, Heat
The four characteristics that are observable for inflammation in vascular tissue are redness, heat, swelling, and pain.
Which functions of the clotting system are exhibited at the site of injury or inflammation? (Select all that apply.)
Prevents the spread of infection to adjacent tissues, Traps microorganisms at the site of inflammation for removal, Provides a framework for future repair and healing
The clotting system exhibits the following functions: (1) prevents the spread of infection to adjacent tissues; (2) traps microorganisms and foreign bodies at the site of inflammation for removal by infiltrating cells such as neutrophils and macrophages; (3) forms a clot that stops bleeding; and (4) provides a framework for future repair and healing.
The defense system you were born with is called:
Innate Immunity
Which cells are most important activators of Inflammation?
mast cells
Which of the following is an increase in the number of circulating white blood cells (greater than 11,000)?
Leukocytosis
Which of the following is an example of a physical barrier?
Epithelial cells
Epithelial cells form tight junctions that are a physical barrier to entry for organisms. Sebaceous glands in the skin secrete antibacterial and antifungal fatty acids. Earwax and lysozymes in tears are examples of biochemical secretions that trap potential disease-causing microorganisms.
Chronic inflammation is characterized by a(an)
dense infiltrate of lymphocytes and macrophages.
Chronic inflammation is characterized by a dense infiltrate of lymphocytes and macrophages. Giant cells are multinucleated cells that are formed by fused macrophages during granuloma formation. Chronic inflammation often results in pus formation, purulent discharge, and incomplete wound healing. Chronic inflammation of any cause lasts longer than 2 weeks.
Which is not a barrier to prevent infection?
Resistance
Resistance is a means by which the body may avoid being infected, but it is not a natural barrier. The natural barriers include physical, biochemical, and mechanical, as well as inflammation at the body’s surfaces.
Which are systemic effects of inflammation? (Select all that apply.)
Fever, Leukocytosis, Increased levels of plasma proteins
The three primary systemic changes associated with an acute inflammatory response are fever, leukocytosis, and increased levels in circulating plasma proteins. Abscesses are a local manifestation of inflammation and are walled-off lesions filled with purulent exudates.
Which action is a purpose of the inflammatory process?
To prevent infection of the injured tissue
If the epithelial barrier is damaged, then a highly efficient local and systemic response (inflammation) is mobilized to limit the extent of damage, to protect against infection, and to initiate the repair of damaged tissue. The response to a specific offending agent is the function of the adaptive immune response.
What causes the edema that occurs during the inflammatory process?
Increased capillary permeability
The increased flow and capillary permeability result in a leakage of plasma from the vessels, causing swelling (edema) in the surrounding tissue and is solely responsible for inflammation-induced edema.
A keloid is the result of which dysfunctional wound healing response?
Collagen matrix assembly
An imbalance between collagen synthesis and collagen degradation, during which synthesis is increased relative to degradation, causes both keloids and hypertrophic scars.
What is a substance that is recognized as foreign or nonself?
Antigens.
Antigens are recognized as foreign and initiate the immune response.
What type of immunity occurs when preformed antibodies are transferred from a donor to a recipient?
Passive immunity.
An example of passive immunity is the passage of maternal antibodies across the placenta to the fetus.
It is true that immunoglobulin E (IgE) is
the primary cause of common allergies.
IgE is designed to protect the host from parasites.
Which are molecular classes of immunoglobulins?
IgM, IgE, IgD.
The five classes of immunoglobulin are IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE.
What is a primary characteristic unique to the immune response?
The immune response is specific to the antigen that initiates it.
The immune response has a memory function for long-term specific protection.
What provides protection against certain microorganisms through vaccinations?
Level of protection provided by IgG.
Vaccinations lead to increased IgG production during secondary responses.
What is true concerning IgM?
IgM is the first antibody produced during the initial response to an antigen.
Typically, IgM is produced first, followed by IgG.
What statements are true concerning the humoral immune response?
Causes direct inactivation of a microorganism or the activation of inflammatory mediators; produced in reaction to the presence of an antigen; primary cells are B cells and circulating antibodies; protects against bacteria and viruses.
What do Eosinophils defend against?
Defend against parasites; degrade vasoactive substances released by mast cells
What is the function of Mast Cells?
Release chemicals that initiate the inflammatory response
What do Natural Killer Cells eliminate?
Eliminate virus-infected cells
What do Macrophages do soon after injury?
Phagocytize microorganisms and cellular debris; secrete chemicals that promote tissue healing; activate adaptive immunity
What do Neutrophils do?
Phagocytize microorganisms and cellular debris soon after injury; secrete chemicals that call in longer-acting phagocytes
What type of immunity is provided by maternal antibodies in breast milk?
Passive
What type of immunity is provided by vaccination?
Active
What type of immunity is provided by previous infection?
Active
What type of immunity is provided by gamma globulin after exposure?
Passive
Which of the following is not a barrier to infection?
Inflammation
What are the systemic effects of inflammation?
Fever, Leukocytosis, Increased levels of plasma proteins
Which immunoglobulin is present in blood, saliva, breast milk, and respiratory secretions?
IgA
IgA can be divided into two subclasses, IgA1 and IgA2. IgA1 molecules are predominantly found in the blood, whereas IgA2 is the predominant class of antibody found in normal body secretions.
Which type of immunity offers long-term immunity?
Adaptive
