Module 5: Practice Quizzes Flashcards
Which part of the brain is responsible for temperature regulation?
Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus is responsible for temperature regulation.
Which is a benefit of fever?
Deprives bacteria of a food source
Fever decreases serum levels of iron, zinc, and copper, depriving bacteria of nutrients.
Which are free nerve endings in the afferent peripheral nervous system that selectively respond to different chemical, mechanical, and thermal stimuli?
Nociceptors
Nociceptors are receptors located throughout the body that respond to pain.
Which type of pain arises from connective tissue, muscle, bone, and skin?
Somatic
Somatic pain may be sharp and well organized or dull, aching, and poorly localized.
Pain in internal organs and the lining of the body cavities is called?
Visceral pain
Visceral pain may be an aching, gnawing, throbbing, or intermittent cramping sensation.
Which term describes the elevation of the body temperature without an increase in the hypothalamic set point?
Hyperthermia
Hyperthermia occurs without an increase in the hypothalamic set point.
A healthcare professional is caring for a patient who was rewarmed after suffering from hypothermia. What possible long-term complication will the professional continue to assess the patient for?
Renal failure
Rewarming can lead to complications such as renal failure.
A healthcare professional is trying to lower a patient’s body temperature by convection. What action by the professional will accomplish this?What action will lower a patient’s body temperature by convection?
Obtain a fan and set it to blow over the patient.
Convection occurs through transfer of heat via currents of gas or liquid.
Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep occurs in cycles approximately how often?
90 minutes
REM sleep accounts for 20% to 25% of sleep time.
What are the expected changes in sleep patterns of older adults?
Older adults experience difficulty falling asleep with less time spent in REM sleep.
Total sleep time decreases and older individuals take longer to initiate and maintain sleep.
A healthcare professional is caring for four postsurgical patients. Based on an understanding of the physiologic process of nociceptors, the nurse expects to give more pain medication to which patient?
Repair of several crushed fingers
The tips of the fingers have more nociceptors than other areas.
What does heat exhaustion result in? (Select all that apply.)
Profound vasodilation, A need to ingest cool liquids, Profuse sweating
Heat exhaustion results from prolonged high core or environmental temperatures.
Pain that warns of actual or impending tissue injury is referred to as what?
Acute
Acute pain is a protective mechanism alerting to immediate harm.
The healthcare professional working in a summer camp provides cooling to campers by radiation. What is the most appropriate action by the professional to accomplish this?
Have the campers sit inside the air-conditioned camp cafeteria.
Radiation refers to heat loss through electromagnetic waves.
A patient has been exposed to prolonged high environmental temperatures and now shows signs of dehydration, decreased plasma volumes, hypotension, decreased cardiac output, and tachycardia. What treatment does the healthcare professional prepare to administer to this patient?
Give the patient plenty of cool fluids to drink.
This is essential for treating heat exhaustion.
In acute hypothermia, what physiologic change shunts blood away from the colder skin to the body core?
Peripheral vasoconstriction
This response helps decrease heat loss.
Which criterion is not used when determining brain death?
Ocular response to head turning
An individual having difficulty concentrating is restless and irritable and briefly confused. These changes have developed over 2–3 days. Which describes this condition?
Delirium
Which are characteristics of Alzheimer disease? (Select all that apply.)
- Anxiety and depression
- Increased irritability
- Memory loss
A healthcare professional suspects a patient is brain dead. How would the professional assess for brain death?How would a healthcare professional assess for brain death?
Remove the patient’s ventilator to see if spontaneous breathing occurs.
To quickly assess a patient’s nervous system for dysfunction, what assessment should the healthcare professional perform as the priority?
Level of consciousness
A patient suffered a seizure for the first time. Which of the following is the best way to explain what a seizure is to their family members?
A sudden, explosive, disorderly discharge of brain cells
A patient had a seizure that consisted of jerking and shaking movements and loss of consciousness. How does the healthcare professional chart this episode?
Tonic-clonic seizure
Cerebral edema is an increase in the fluid content of what part of the brain?
Tissue
Which best describes the following altered level of consciousness?
Considered the beginning of loss of consciousness
Test orientation to person, place, and time
Disorientation
Dementia is commonly characterized by the deterioration in which abilities? (Select all that apply.)
Correct!
What abilities are commonly characterized by dementia?
- Memory
- Decision making
- Speech
What type of posturing exists when a person with a severe closed head injury has all four extremities in rigid extension with the forearms in hyperpronation and the legs in plantar extension?
Decerebrate
What do the clinical manifestations of Parkinson disease include? (Select all that apply.)
Correct!
- Bradykinesia
- Depression
- Muscle stiffness
- Fragmented sleep
An older adult who abuses alcohol has fallen and is diagnosed with a hematoma that is located on the top of the brain. Which type of hematoma fits this description?
Subdural
Acute subdural hematomas rapidly develop (within hours) and are usually located at the top of the skull.
A 23-year-old reports bilateral pain with a sensation of a tight band around the head. Which type of headache fits this description?
Tension headache
Tension headache is the most common type of headache, often feels like a band is constricting the head, and is bilateral.
Which statement is true regarding migraine? (Select all that apply.)
An electroencephalogram (EEG) can be used to confirm a diagnosis of migraine headache, Migraines occur most frequently before and during menses.
Migraines occur most frequently before and during menses.
What is the acronym used to identify strokes?
FAST
Which of the following strokes is spontaneous bleeding into the brain?
Hemorrhagic
Which of the following best relates to TIAs:
Medical emergency that may signal impending stroke
Is attributed to atherosclerosis and inflammatory disease processes.
What do diffuse axonal injuries (DAIs) of the brain often result in?
Correct!
Reduced levels of consciousness
DAI can cause permanent or temporary dysfunction.
A patient has been hospitalized with Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). The patient asks how this could have occurred. What response by the healthcare professional is best?
It is often preceded by a viral illness; typically GI or respiratory tract infections.
What indicates that spinal shock is terminating?
Reflex emptying of the bladder
Indications include the reappearance of reflex activity and hyperreflexia.
A blunt-force injury to the forehead results in a coup injury to which region of the brain?
Frontal
In which disorder are acetylcholine receptor antibodies produced against acetylcholine receptors?
Myasthenia gravis
The main defect is the formation of autoantibodies against receptors at the Ach-binding site.
What are the initial clinical manifestations immediately noted after a spinal cord injury? (Select all that apply.)
Bladder incontinence, Loss of deep tendon reflexes, Flaccid paralysis
What event is most likely to occur when a person experiences a closed head injury?
Brief period of vital sign instability
Which cerebral vascular hemorrhage causes meningeal irritation, photophobia, and positive Kernig and Brudzinski signs?
Subarachnoid
Assessment findings include neck stiffness, photophobia, and irritability.
What does a healthcare professional explain to a student about myasthenia gravis?
It causes muscle weakness.
Exertional fatigue and weakness that worsens with activity characterizes myasthenia gravis.
Heat stroke is characterized by very high body temperature, (presence, absence) of sweat, and (slow, rapid) heart rate.
absence, rapid
Cheyne-Stokes respirations involve a ( hypoventilatory, hyperventilatory) response to stimulation by (carbon dioxide, hypoxia).
hyperventilatory, carbon dioxide
Sequence the progressive changes that occur when a fully alert individual becomes comatose.
Write the letters only to show the correct order of decreasing consciousness: ________________
A. Light coma
B. Disorientation
C. Lethargy
D. Confusion
E. Obtundation
F. Deep coma
G. Stupor
D, B, C, E, G, A, F
A person who is hit forcefully in the back of the head with a bat can sustain a (coup, contrecoup) injury when the brain hits the front of the skull and a (coup, contrecoup) injury where the bat hit.
contrecoup, coup
The sleep stage in which dreaming occurs is _______________.
REM
Spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage happens when an artery in the brain leaks blood or ruptures. Primary cause is hypertension with other factors being: tumors, coagulation disorders, trauma, or illicet drug use (cocaine). A mass of blood is formed as bleeding occurs in the brain tissue.
The above is descriptive of which of the following?
Hemorrhagic stroke
_____ is a confusional state caused by death of neurons and is not reversible
Dementia
What do the clinical manifestations of Parkinson disease include? (Select all that apply.)
Bradykinesia, fragmented sleep, muscle stiffness, and depression.
A patient is in the Emergency Department with heat stroke. What finding does the healthcare provider associate with this condition?
Absence of sweating despite a high core temperature.
What is true about a fever? (Select all that apply.)
It can be a result of a dysfunctional hypothalamus, it triggers endocrine responses, is a complex cascade involving several different systems, and is in response to a pyrogen.
