Module 2: Practice Quizzes Flashcards
When considering water balance, which statement demonstrates the correct balance?
Hypotonic fluid causes cellular swelling.
Hypotonic extracellular fluid (ECF) causes intracellular water gain and swelling.
Which statement is true regarding hypokalemia?
Diuretic therapy is the most common cause of hypokalemia.
Hypokalemia is defined as a serum level less than 3.5 mEq/L.
Which statement is true regarding magnesium?
Symptoms of hypomagnesemia include weakness and depression.
Symptoms of low magnesium include weakness, tetany, increased reflexes, depression, ataxia, convulsions, and irritability.
Which statement describes acidemia?
State in which the pH of arterial blood is less than 7.35.
Acidemia is a state in which the pH of arterial blood is less than 7.35.
Common causes of edema formation (increased filtration of fluid from capillaries and lymph into surrounding tissues) include which of the following? (Select all that apply.)
Decreased capillary oncotic pressure, Increased capillary membrane permeability, Lymphatic obstruction.
The five common causes of increased edema are: increased capillary hydrostatic pressure, decreased capillary oncotic pressure, increased capillary membrane permeability, lymphatic obstruction, and sodium retention.
What is the main intracellular ion?
Potassium
What is the main extracellular ion?
Sodium
Hyperventilation is the most common cause of ________________. Breathing into a paper bag can replace the lost CO2
Respiratory alkalosis.
Breathing into a paper bag can replace the lost CO2.
Which statement is true regarding hyponatremia?
Occurs when sodium drops below 135 mEq/L.
Hyponatremia occurs when the serum sodium drops below 135 mEq/L.
Which are clinical manifestations of hypokalemia? (Select all that apply.)
Muscle weakness, Cardiac arrhythmias, Decreased neuromuscular excitability.
Neuromuscular excitability is decreased causing skeletal muscle weakness, smooth muscle atony, and cardiac dysrhythmias.
Why are infants most susceptible to significant losses in total body water?
Kidneys are not mature enough to counter fluid losses.
Renal mechanisms that regulate fluid and electrolyte conservation are often not mature enough to counter the losses.
Why does obesity create a greater risk for dehydration in people?
Adipose cells contain little water because fat is water repelling.
Individuals with more body fat have proportionately less TBW and tend to be more susceptible to fluid imbalances.
Water movement between the intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment and the extracellular fluid (ECF) compartment is primarily a function of what?
Osmotic forces
In addition to osmosis, what force is involved in the movement of water between the plasma and interstitial fluid spaces?
Hydrostatic pressure.
Water moves between the plasma and interstitial fluid through the forces of osmosis and hydrostatic pressure.
What does vomiting-induced metabolic alkalosis cause?
Retention of bicarbonate to maintain the anion balance.
The kidneys increase sodium and bicarbonate reabsorption with the excretion of hydrogen.
The pathophysiologic process of edema is related to which mechanism?
Lymphatic obstruction.
The most common mechanisms are increased capillary hydrostatic pressure, decreased plasma oncotic pressure, increased capillary membrane permeability and lymphatic obstruction.
Where is two thirds of the body’s water found?
Intracellular fluid compartments.
Two thirds of the body’s water is in the intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment.
Which groups are at risk for fluid imbalance? (Select all that apply.)
Older adults, Obese persons, Infants.
Kidney function, surface area, total body water, and the hydrophobic nature of fat cells contribute to the increased risk.
A patient is admitted with hyponatremia. For which clinical manifestations would the healthcare professional assess? (Select all that apply.)
Headache, Confusion, Lethargy, Seizures.
Behavioral and neurologic changes characteristic of hyponatremia include lethargy, headache, confusion, apprehension, seizures, and coma.
Which statements regarding total body water (TBW) are true?
Men tend to have greater TBW as a result of their muscle mass, Estrogen plays a role in female TBW, Older adults experience a decrease in TBW as a result of decreased muscle mass, During childhood, TBW slowly decreases in relationship to body weight.
With increasing age, the percentage of TBW declines further due to increased fat and decreased muscle.
In metabolic alkalosis, the blood pH level:
Increases
A patient has the following arterial blood gases: HCO3 38, pH 7.50, PaCO2 50. Which of the following signs may this patient exhibit as a compensatory mechanism?
Hypoventilation (bradypnea).
This is a compensatory mechanism for metabolic alkalosis.
Lab values: pH 7.56, paCo2 20, HCO3 20
respiratory alkalosis, partially compensated
Lab values: pH 7.23, paCo2 37, HCO3 18
metabolic acidosis, uncompensated
Lab values: pH 7.31, paCo2 34, HCO3 21
metabolic acidosis, partially compensated
Lab values: pH 7.50, paCo2 32, HCO3 24
respiratory alkalosis, uncompensated
Lab values: pH 7.25, paCo2 60, HCO3 27
respiratory acidosis, partially compensated
Lab values: pH 7.46, paCo2 36, HCO3 32
metabolic alkalosis, uncompensated
What is the main intracellular ion?
Potassium
Interpret the following ABG: pH 7.2, PaCO2 60, HCO3 25
respiratory acidosis
Interpret the following ABG: pH 7.65, PaCO2 38, HCO3 40
Metabolic alkalosis
Which statement is true regarding hypokalemia?
One cause of hypokalemia is diabetic ketoacidosis.
Hypokalemia is defined as a serum level less than 3.5 mEq/L.
Isotonic fluid excess causes (hypernatremia, hypervolemia)
hypervolemia
Match each word with its definition: Excessive carbon dioxide in the blood
Hypercapnia
Match each word with its definition: Elevated sodium concentration in the blood
Hypernatremia
Match each word with its definition: Fluid accumulation in interstitial spaces
Edema
Match each word with its definition: Fluid accumulation in the peritoneal cavity
Ascites
Match each word with its definition: Decreased pH of the blood
Acidosis
Match each word with its definition: Elevated potassium concentration in the blood
Hyperkalemia
The most dangerous effect of hyperkalemia is its action on the (kidneys, heart)
heart
Renal compensation for an acid-base balance is (fast, slow); pulmonary compensation for an acid-base balance is (fast, slow).
slow, fast
Which statement describes acidemia?
State in which the pH of arterial blood is less than 7.35
Acidemia is a state in which the pH of arterial blood is less than 7.35.
