Study Deck For 2016 Final Flashcards
What is diffusion?
The movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration
What type of transport is osmosis?
Passive transport
What do both active transport and facilitated diffusion involve?
Carrier proteins
What would you use to get a clear image of very tiny structures inside a cell?
Electron microscope
What does the sodium-potassium pump do?
It pumps 3 sodium ions out of the cell and 2 potassium ions into the cell.
What do 2 or more atoms held together in a covalent bond form?
A molecule
What does it mean when water is polar? What does the polarity of water enable it to do?
Polarity means when the oxygen atom has a slight negative charge and the hydrogen atom has a slight positive charge. Form hydrogen bonds
What do one or more polypeptides form?
A protein
What is a covalent bond?
A bond when atoms share a PAIR of electrons
What is the strongest type of bond in chemistry?
Covalent
What is a molecule?
2 or more atoms held together by covalent bonds
What is a hydrogen bond?
An attraction between slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom
What are the 3 special properties of water?
- High specific heat
- Adhesion
- Cohesion
What does the endoplasmic reticulum do? What do the ribosomes do?
ER-production of proteins and lipids
Ribosomes-link amino acids together to form proteins
What does the golgi apparatus do?
It packages proteins to send them to other organelles or stores them
What are vesicles? Vacuoles?
Sacs that divide materials from the rest of the cytoplasm and transport these materials from place to place
Vacuole-a fluid filled sac use for storage of materials
What are the lysosomes?
Organelles that contain enzymes
What is cellulose?
A carbohydrate that is hydrophobic
What are the four groups of carbohydrates?
Carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
What do chemical reactions do?
Change substances into new substances by breaking and forming bonds
What do enzymes affect in a chemical reaction?
The reaction rate and activation energy
What is facilitated diffusion?
The diffusion of molecules across the membrane through transport proteins
What biological advance was most likely achieved through molecular genetics?
Identifying disease-causing genes
What is the choice whether a particular organism belongs to an experimental or control group?
Chance
What is ATP? What does ATP become when a phosphate is released?
- A molecule that transfers energy
2. ADP
What does the control in an experiment do?
It allows a mixed group of comparisons among the experimental group
What does the carbon cycle do?
makes carbon compounds available in an ecosystem and delivers chemical energy to organisms within the ecosystem
How many carbon dioxide molecules are produced during the cellular respiration of two glucose molecules?
12
What is an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of ATP?
ATP synthase
What does the hydrogen ion pump do?
enables plants to convert light energy to chemical energy
What are hydrogen ion pumps responsible for?
Providing energy to produce ATP molecules?
What happens at a hydrogen ion pump?
Energy from electrons is used to make ATP
What environmental affect does not affect the rate of photosynthesis?
Oxygen concentration
What is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration?
Oxygen
What is formed during the Krebs cycle?
CO2
FADH2
NADH
What would happen if oxygen is absent during the second stage of cellular respiration?
Fermentation will occur
What processes don’t need oxygen?
Fermentation and glycolysis
What is unique about the chromosome of a bacterium?
It has a circular shape
What does DNA do in order to fit within a cell?
It wraps tightly around histones
What happens in Mitosis?
The nucleus divides into 2 nuclei
What phase of mitosis occurs when the chromosomes align along the cell equator?
Metaphase
What is DNA replication checked by in mitosis?
Repair enzymes
What happens in prophase?
- Chromatin condense into chromosomes
- Spindle fibers grow from centrioles
- The fibers move to the center of the cell
What happens in Metaphase?
- Spindle fibers attach to the centromere of each chromosome
- Chromosomes align along the equator of the cell
What happens in anaphase?
- Chromosomes separate into chromatids
2. Chromosomes radiate towards opposite sides of the cell
In eukaryotes, what is the cell cycle controlled by?
Proteins
What is the purpose of cellular respiration? Is it aerobic or anaerobic? Where does it take place? What are the products?
To make ATP by breaking down sugars from photosynthesis. CR is aerobic. CR occurs in the mitochondria
Carbon dioxide, water, 38 ATP for every glucose molecule,
What is chemosynthesis?
A process by which some organisms use chemical energy instead of light energy to make ATP
What is the equation for photosynthesis? What is the equation for cellular respiration?
Carbon dioxide and water ———> glucose and oxygen
Cellular respiration equation is reverse of photosynthesis
Where do the Light dependent reactions take place? Light independent?
LDR-thylakoid membrane
LIDR-stroma of chloroplast
What is needed for the light independent reactions to occur? What is made? What is made in the light dependent reactions?
Carbon dioxide is needed and glucose, NADP+, and ADP are made in the light INDEPENDENT reactions
Oxygen, ATP, and NADPH is made in the light DEPENDENT reactions
What does glycolysis do? Aerobic or anaerobic?
Splits glucose (6carbon) into 3 carbon molecules and 2 ATP. Anaerobic
How are CR and glycolysis related?
Glycolysis breaks down glucose to form the reactants of cellular respiration?
What is the function of NADH in the electron transport chain? What is the function of oxygen in cellular respiration?
To carry energized electrons to the proteins of the ETC.
Oxygen-to carry electrons and hydrogen ions to form H20
What happens if oxygen is present after glycolysis? Not present?
Present=cellular respiration begins
Absent=fermentation begins
What is the purpose of fermentation? What is formed in alcoholic fermentation? What causes bread to rise?
To allow glycolysis to continue to produce ATP by supplying NAD+. An alcohol, carbon dioxide, and NAD+.
Carbon dioxide produced from fermentation by yeast causes bread to rise
What would be the blood type of a person who inherited an A allele from one parent and an O allele from the other parent?
Type A
What are the 3 types of asexual reproduction?
Budding, fragmentation, and binary fission
What are homologous chromosomes?
Pairs of chromosomes containing genes that code for the same traits
What is a haploid cell and an example? Diploid cell and an example?
Haploid- a cell that only has one copy of each chromosome. Ex. A germ cell
Diploid- a cell that has both copies of each chromosome from both parents. Ex. Skin cell
When does crossing over occur?
Prophase 1
What does Mendel’s law of segregation state?
The two alleles for a trait SEGREGATE independently when gametes are formed
What does a bacteriophage, or phage do?
Takes over a bacteriums genetic machinery and directs it to make more viruses
How did the scientist conclude that DNA was the genetic material?
He found radioactivity when the phage DNA contained radioactive phosphorus
What are the three parts of a nucleotide?
- A phosphate group
- Deoxyribose (a sugar)
- A nitrogen containing base
What are the four DNA bases? If one strand of DNA is AGTC, what is the second strand?
Adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine. TCAG
What would you look at with a stereoscope? Compound Microscope? Electron Microscope? Which is the strongest, and which is the weakest?
Compound microscope-small organisms or cross sections of them
Stereoscope-mineral, crystal, small organisms, weakest
Electron microscope-internal structures, are the strongest of the 3,
