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Biology > Study Deck For 2016 Final > Flashcards

Study Deck For 2016 Final Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration

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2
Q

What type of transport is osmosis?

A

Passive transport

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3
Q

What do both active transport and facilitated diffusion involve?

A

Carrier proteins

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4
Q

What would you use to get a clear image of very tiny structures inside a cell?

A

Electron microscope

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5
Q

What does the sodium-potassium pump do?

A

It pumps 3 sodium ions out of the cell and 2 potassium ions into the cell.

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6
Q

What do 2 or more atoms held together in a covalent bond form?

A

A molecule

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7
Q

What does it mean when water is polar? What does the polarity of water enable it to do?

A

Polarity means when the oxygen atom has a slight negative charge and the hydrogen atom has a slight positive charge. Form hydrogen bonds

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8
Q

What do one or more polypeptides form?

A

A protein

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9
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

A bond when atoms share a PAIR of electrons

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10
Q

What is the strongest type of bond in chemistry?

A

Covalent

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11
Q

What is a molecule?

A

2 or more atoms held together by covalent bonds

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12
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

An attraction between slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom

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13
Q

What are the 3 special properties of water?

A
  1. High specific heat
  2. Adhesion
  3. Cohesion
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14
Q

What does the endoplasmic reticulum do? What do the ribosomes do?

A

ER-production of proteins and lipids

Ribosomes-link amino acids together to form proteins

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15
Q

What does the golgi apparatus do?

A

It packages proteins to send them to other organelles or stores them

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16
Q

What are vesicles? Vacuoles?

A

Sacs that divide materials from the rest of the cytoplasm and transport these materials from place to place

Vacuole-a fluid filled sac use for storage of materials

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17
Q

What are the lysosomes?

A

Organelles that contain enzymes

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18
Q

What is cellulose?

A

A carbohydrate that is hydrophobic

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19
Q

What are the four groups of carbohydrates?

A

Carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

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20
Q

What do chemical reactions do?

A

Change substances into new substances by breaking and forming bonds

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21
Q

What do enzymes affect in a chemical reaction?

A

The reaction rate and activation energy

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22
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

The diffusion of molecules across the membrane through transport proteins

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23
Q

What biological advance was most likely achieved through molecular genetics?

A

Identifying disease-causing genes

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24
Q

What is the choice whether a particular organism belongs to an experimental or control group?

A

Chance

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25
Q

What is ATP? What does ATP become when a phosphate is released?

A
  1. A molecule that transfers energy

2. ADP

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26
Q

What does the control in an experiment do?

A

It allows a mixed group of comparisons among the experimental group

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27
Q

What does the carbon cycle do?

A

makes carbon compounds available in an ecosystem and delivers chemical energy to organisms within the ecosystem

28
Q

How many carbon dioxide molecules are produced during the cellular respiration of two glucose molecules?

A

12

29
Q

What is an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of ATP?

A

ATP synthase

30
Q

What does the hydrogen ion pump do?

A

enables plants to convert light energy to chemical energy

31
Q

What are hydrogen ion pumps responsible for?

A

Providing energy to produce ATP molecules?

32
Q

What happens at a hydrogen ion pump?

A

Energy from electrons is used to make ATP

33
Q

What environmental affect does not affect the rate of photosynthesis?

A

Oxygen concentration

34
Q

What is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration?

A

Oxygen

35
Q

What is formed during the Krebs cycle?

A

CO2
FADH2
NADH

36
Q

What would happen if oxygen is absent during the second stage of cellular respiration?

A

Fermentation will occur

37
Q

What processes don’t need oxygen?

A

Fermentation and glycolysis

38
Q

What is unique about the chromosome of a bacterium?

A

It has a circular shape

39
Q

What does DNA do in order to fit within a cell?

A

It wraps tightly around histones

40
Q

What happens in Mitosis?

A

The nucleus divides into 2 nuclei

41
Q

What phase of mitosis occurs when the chromosomes align along the cell equator?

A

Metaphase

42
Q

What is DNA replication checked by in mitosis?

A

Repair enzymes

43
Q

What happens in prophase?

A
  1. Chromatin condense into chromosomes
  2. Spindle fibers grow from centrioles
  3. The fibers move to the center of the cell
44
Q

What happens in Metaphase?

A
  1. Spindle fibers attach to the centromere of each chromosome
  2. Chromosomes align along the equator of the cell
45
Q

What happens in anaphase?

A
  1. Chromosomes separate into chromatids

2. Chromosomes radiate towards opposite sides of the cell

46
Q

In eukaryotes, what is the cell cycle controlled by?

A

Proteins

47
Q

What is the purpose of cellular respiration? Is it aerobic or anaerobic? Where does it take place? What are the products?

A

To make ATP by breaking down sugars from photosynthesis. CR is aerobic. CR occurs in the mitochondria

Carbon dioxide, water, 38 ATP for every glucose molecule,

48
Q

What is chemosynthesis?

A

A process by which some organisms use chemical energy instead of light energy to make ATP

49
Q

What is the equation for photosynthesis? What is the equation for cellular respiration?

A

Carbon dioxide and water ———> glucose and oxygen

Cellular respiration equation is reverse of photosynthesis

50
Q

Where do the Light dependent reactions take place? Light independent?

A

LDR-thylakoid membrane

LIDR-stroma of chloroplast

51
Q

What is needed for the light independent reactions to occur? What is made? What is made in the light dependent reactions?

A

Carbon dioxide is needed and glucose, NADP+, and ADP are made in the light INDEPENDENT reactions

Oxygen, ATP, and NADPH is made in the light DEPENDENT reactions

52
Q

What does glycolysis do? Aerobic or anaerobic?

A

Splits glucose (6carbon) into 3 carbon molecules and 2 ATP. Anaerobic

53
Q

How are CR and glycolysis related?

A

Glycolysis breaks down glucose to form the reactants of cellular respiration?

54
Q

What is the function of NADH in the electron transport chain? What is the function of oxygen in cellular respiration?

A

To carry energized electrons to the proteins of the ETC.

Oxygen-to carry electrons and hydrogen ions to form H20

55
Q

What happens if oxygen is present after glycolysis? Not present?

A

Present=cellular respiration begins

Absent=fermentation begins

56
Q

What is the purpose of fermentation? What is formed in alcoholic fermentation? What causes bread to rise?

A

To allow glycolysis to continue to produce ATP by supplying NAD+. An alcohol, carbon dioxide, and NAD+.

Carbon dioxide produced from fermentation by yeast causes bread to rise

57
Q

What would be the blood type of a person who inherited an A allele from one parent and an O allele from the other parent?

A

Type A

58
Q

What are the 3 types of asexual reproduction?

A

Budding, fragmentation, and binary fission

59
Q

What are homologous chromosomes?

A

Pairs of chromosomes containing genes that code for the same traits

60
Q

What is a haploid cell and an example? Diploid cell and an example?

A

Haploid- a cell that only has one copy of each chromosome. Ex. A germ cell

Diploid- a cell that has both copies of each chromosome from both parents. Ex. Skin cell

61
Q

When does crossing over occur?

A

Prophase 1

62
Q

What does Mendel’s law of segregation state?

A

The two alleles for a trait SEGREGATE independently when gametes are formed

63
Q

What does a bacteriophage, or phage do?

A

Takes over a bacteriums genetic machinery and directs it to make more viruses

64
Q

How did the scientist conclude that DNA was the genetic material?

A

He found radioactivity when the phage DNA contained radioactive phosphorus

65
Q

What are the three parts of a nucleotide?

A
  1. A phosphate group
  2. Deoxyribose (a sugar)
  3. A nitrogen containing base
66
Q

What are the four DNA bases? If one strand of DNA is AGTC, what is the second strand?

A

Adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine. TCAG

67
Q

What would you look at with a stereoscope? Compound Microscope? Electron Microscope? Which is the strongest, and which is the weakest?

A

Compound microscope-small organisms or cross sections of them

Stereoscope-mineral, crystal, small organisms, weakest

Electron microscope-internal structures, are the strongest of the 3,

Biology (13 decks)

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