Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Chapter 9-Biotechnology > Flashcards

Chapter 9-Biotechnology Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a restriction enzyme? What is a restriction site?

A

Enzymes that cut DNA molecules when they identify specific nucleotide sequences

Site-sequence of nucleotides that is identified and cut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is gel electrophoresis?

A

An electrical current used to separate a mixture of DNA fragments from each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What happens once the DNA is loaded onto the gel in gel electrophoresis?

A
  1. There is a positive and negative electrode at each side of gel
  2. The DNA move through the pores on the positive side
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does a restriction map do?

A

Shows lengths of DNA fragments between restriction sites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a polymerase chain reaction? What are the four materials needed for it? What is a primer in PCR?

A

Technique that produces copies of a specific DNA sequence

DNA being copied, DNA polymerase, 4 nucleotides, two primers

Primer-short segment acting as a starting point for a new strand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the steps of PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)

How much more DNA is copied after each cycle of PCR?

A
  1. DNA helix is separated by heat
  2. Cooling occurs and primers bind to DNA
  3. Copying-heating, polymerases build new strands of DNA

After each cycle of PCR, the DNA is copied

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How does DNA fingerprinting work? Where are genetic differences greatest?

A
  1. DNA sample is cut with restriction enzyme
  2. DNA fragments are run through gel and patterns are analyzed

Greatest in non coding regions or regions of the genome that are not part of genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are plasmids?

A

Small circular DNA molecules that carry genetic info

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the three ways genes can be transferred between bacteria?

A
  1. Conjugation- DNA is transferred by sexual interaction
  2. Transduction- Vector (virus) transfers DNA
  3. Transformation-DNA transferred through direct uptake of DNA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What happens when arabinose is present? Absent?

A

Present-araC promotes the binding of RNA polymerase and GFP is produced

Absent-no GFP is produced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the steps in cloning?

A
  1. Nucleus of Animal 1 is implanted into the unfertilized egg of animal 2
  2. Egg is implanted back into female and cell divides into fetus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is Genetic engineering? What is recombinant DNA? What is a transgenic organism?

A

Inserting cloned genes from one organism into another

DNA that contains genes from more than one organism

An organism that has one or more genes from another organism inserted into its genome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Steps to genetically modify an organism?

A
  1. Restriction enzyme cuts a certain gene out of strand
  2. Plasmid is cut out of bacteria
  3. Gene is added to plasmid
  4. Complementary sticky ends bond and bacteria is inserted into certain organism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is gene sequencing?

A

Determining the order of DNA nucleotides in genes or genomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What were the two goals of the human genome project?

A
  1. Map and sequence all of the DNA base pairs of human chromosomes
  2. Identify all of the DNA base pairs of human chromosomes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is bioinformatics? What is DNA microarrays? What is proteomics?

A

The use of computers to organize and analyze biological data

Tools that allow scientists to study many genes and their expression at once

The study and comparison of all the proteins that result from an organisms genome, studies the function and interactions of proteins

17
Q

What is genetic screening? Gene therapy?

A

Process of testing DNA to determine a persons risk of having or passing a genetic disorder

The replacement of a defective or missing gene, or addition of a new gene, into a persons genome to treat a disease

18
Q

What is one method of gene therapy?

A
  1. Take bone marrow sample of stem cells
  2. Infect them with a virus that has the new gene
  3. Put stem cells back into body
  4. Have cells divide and make more blood cells with new genes

Biology (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions