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Biology > Chapter 2-Energy And Matter > Flashcards

Chapter 2-Energy And Matter Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Which particles form the nucleus of an atom?

A

Protons and neutrons

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2
Q

Positively charged particles

A

Protons

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3
Q

Negatively charged protons

A

Electrons

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4
Q

Neutrally charged particles

A

Neutrons

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5
Q

What does the atomic number represent?

A

The number of protons and electrons

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6
Q

How do you find the number of neutrons in an atom?

A

Subtract the atomic number from the atomic weight

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7
Q

What distinguishes one atom from another?

A

The number of protons

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8
Q

What gives an atom it’s certain properties?

A

The number of electrons

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9
Q

How many electrons can be held in the first energy level?

A

2 electrons

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10
Q

How many electrons can be held in the outermost layer?

A

8 electrons

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11
Q

How many electrons are held in the outermost layer in a carbon atom?

A

4 electrons

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12
Q

How many elements are found on earth?

A

91 elements

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13
Q

How many elements are found in organisms?

A

25 elements

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14
Q

A substance made of atoms of different elements bonded together in a certain ratio

A

Compound

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15
Q

An atom that has gained or lost one or more electrons to other atoms

A

Ion

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16
Q

What charge does an ion gain when it loses one or more electrons?

A

Positive

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17
Q

What charge does on ion gain when it gains one or more electrons?

A

Negative

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18
Q

Bonds formed through the electrical force between oppositely charged ions

A

Ionic bond

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19
Q

Bond formed when atoms share a pair of electrons

A

Covalent bond

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20
Q

Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds

A

Molecule

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21
Q

Has a region with a slight positive change and a region with a slight negative charge

A

Polar molecule

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22
Q

An attraction between a slightly positive charged hydrogen atom and a slightly negatively charged atom

A

Hydrogen bond

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23
Q

What are the three properties given from hydrogen bonds?

A

High specific heat, cohesion, and adhesion

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24
Q

Property that means water resists changes in temperature?

A

High specific heat

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25
Q

The attraction among molecules of a substance, makes water molecules stick to other water molecules, creates surface tension

A

Cohesion

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26
Q

The attraction among water molecules to different molecules

A

Adhesion

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27
Q

What causes hydrogen bonds to form between polar molecules?

A

Polar molecules have partially charged regions that attract other polar molecules

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28
Q

What must happen for molecules and ions to take part in chemical processes inside cells?

A

They must dissolve in water

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29
Q

How is a solution made?

A

When one substance dissolves in the water in your body or other substances

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30
Q

A mixture of substances that is the same throughout

A

Solution

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31
Q

The substance that is present in the grater amount and the part that dissolves the other substances

A

Solvent

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32
Q

A substance that dissolves in a solvent

A

Solute

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33
Q

What is the solvent and solute in blood?

A

Solvent-plasma

Solute–the other dissolved substances

34
Q

Why do polar molecules dissolve in water

A

Because the attraction between the water molecules and the solute molecules is greater than the attraction among the molecules of the solute(the pull between the water and the solute molecules is more than the solute molecules attraction keeping them together)

35
Q

A compound that releases a proton when it dissolves in water

A

Acid

36
Q

What is the difference of acids and bases?

A

Acids have a higher concentration of hydrogen protons

37
Q

Compounds that remove hydrogen protons from a solution (have a lower concentration of hydrogen protons than acids)

A

Bases

38
Q

Element that has four valence electrons

A

Carbon

39
Q

What are the three structures of carbon?

A

Straight chains, branched chains, and rings

40
Q

Each subunit in a complete molecule

A

Monomer

41
Q

A large molecule made of many monomers branded together

A

Polymers

42
Q

A molecule containing a very large number of atoms

A

Macromolecule

43
Q

Polymers that have different monomers

A

Proteins

44
Q

Polymers with one type of monomer

A

Starches

45
Q

Molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that can be broken down to provide a source of usable chemical energy for cells

A

Carbohydrates

46
Q

Most basic carbohydrate

A

Sugars

47
Q

Sugar made by plant cells during photosynthesis that have 6 carbon atoms

A

Glucose

48
Q

Any of a class of sugars who’s molecules contain two monosaccharide residues

A

Disaccharide

49
Q

Another term for sugar

A

Saccharide

50
Q

Polymers of monosaccharides

A

Polysaccharides

51
Q

What type of bonds link monomers in proteins?

A

Peptide bonds

52
Q

What is the relationship between starches and cellulose?

A

Starches and cellulose are the polymers of glucose

53
Q

Carbo that has a straight rigid structure and makes up the cell wall in plant cells

A

Cellulose

54
Q

No polar molecules that include fats, oils, and cholesterol

A

Lipids

55
Q

Chains of carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms

A

Fatty acids

56
Q

What is the major difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?

A

Saturated fats only have carbon-carbon single bonds and unsaturated have double bonds

57
Q

What do the double bonds in unsaturated fats result in?

A

The fat being a liquid/oil

58
Q

Three fatty acids bonded to glycerol

A

Triglycerides

59
Q

Consists of glycerol, two fatty acids and a phosphate group

A

Phospholipid

60
Q

Lipid that the body needs for steroid her ones

A

Cholesterol

61
Q

A polymer made of amino acids

A

Protein

62
Q

Molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, and sometimes sulfur

A

Amino acid

63
Q

What is every amino acid bonded to?

A

A hydrogen atom, an amino acid, and a carboxyl group,

64
Q

Polymers that are made of monomers called nucleotides

A

Nucleic acids

65
Q

What are the two types of nucleic acids?

A

DNA and RNA

66
Q

Nucleic acid that gives the instructions to build proteins

A

DNA

67
Q

Nucleic acid that actually builds the proteins

A

RNA

68
Q

Change substances into different substances by breaking and forming chemical bonds

A

Chemical reactions

69
Q

The substances changed during a chemical reaction

A

Reactants

70
Q

The substances made by a chemical reaction

A

Products

71
Q

How are bonds broken and formed?

A

Energy is added to break bonds

72
Q

The amount of energy that will break a bond

A

Bond energy

73
Q

When both the reactant and products are being made at the same rate

A

Chemical equilibrium

74
Q

The amount of energy that needs to be absorbed for a chemical reaction to start

A

Activation energy

75
Q

Chemical reactions that release more energy than they absorb

A

Exothermic reactions

76
Q

If more energy is absorbed than released in a chemical reaction

A

Endothermic reactions

77
Q

A substance that decreases the activation energy needed and increase the rate of the reaction

A

Catalyst

78
Q

Catalysts for chemical reactions in living things

A

Enzymes

79
Q

What factors can affect an enzymes shape and function?

A

Temperature and pH

80
Q

Specific reactants that an enzyme acts on

A

Substrates

81
Q

What happens to the substrates once they are in the active sites that causes them to chemically react easier?

A

They become strained and become chemically weaker

Biology (13 decks)

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