Chapter 20, 21, 22.5 Test Flashcards
The one ancient species of algae that is the common ancestor of all plans. What are the traits that it passed?
Charophyceae passed on a multicellular body with tissues and reproduction with sperm and egg
What was the order in the evolution of plants?
Charophyceans, mosses, ferns, cone bearing plants, flowers
How do plants retain moisture?
They are surrounded by a cuticle that has stomata on them to prevent water loss or to be open to move air
What is lignin’s purpose?
It hardens cells walls of vascular tissues and is responsible for strength and stiffness of plants
What phyla is Moss apart of? What are the phlyum of mosses?
Bryophyta, hepatophyta (liverworts), and anthocerophyta (hornworts)
Describe a liverwort, hornwort, and moss
Liverwort-damp environments, get water directly from soil, thallose or leafy
Hornwort-tropical streams, low to ground, grass like appearance
Moss-non vascular, can enter dormancy when their is no water
What is sphagnum? What happens as it dies?
A moss that does not decay when it dies, piles of dead sphagnum are called peat and can be burned as fuel, and have antibacterial properties
What are club mosses? Whisk ferns? Horsetails? Ferns?
Club mosses-lycophyta phylum, seedless vascular plant
Whisk ferns-tropical, lack roots-leaves, seedless vascular plant
Horsetail-wetlands, leaves grow in whirls around a tubular stem, cells contain silica, seedless and vascular
Ferns-grow underground stems called rhizomes, leaves are called fiddle heads and mature into fronds
What is a gymnosperm? Angiosperm? What are the phyla of gymnosperms?
Gymnosperm-seeds are not in a fruit but in a cone
Angiosperm-seeds are in a fruit
Phyla-cycads, ginkgophytas, and conifers
Describe a cycad, ginkgophyta, and conifer?
Cycad-palm trees with large cones, tropical areas,
Ginkgo-only one species alive (ginkgo biloba),
Conifer-needlelike leaves
What is a 1. cotyledon? 2. Monocot? 3. Dicot?
- An embryonic leaf inside a seed
- Embryos have one seed leaf
- Embryos have 2 seed leaves
What are the characteristics of a 1. monocot? 2. Dicot?
- Parallel veins, flowers in multiples of 3, vascular tissues are scattered (ex. Corn, wheat, rice)
- Netlike veins, flowers in multiples of 4 and 5, vascular tissues are ringed
What are 1. annual flowers? 2. Biennial? 3. Perennial?
- Mature and die in 1 year
- Mature and die in 2 years
- Live a life longer than 2 years
What is 1. Ethnobotany? 2. Pharmacology? 3. Salicin? 4. Alkaloids?
- The study of how culture use plants
- Study of drugs and their effects on the body
- Active ingredient in aspirin that derives from Willow trees
- Potent plant chemicals that contain nitrogen, they interfere with cell division and have anti-cancerous properties
What are 1. parenchyma cells? 2. Collenchyma cells? 3. Sclerenchyma cells?
- They store materials, have thin walls with water filled vacuoles, contain chloroplasts, have the ability to divide throughout their whole life, found in roots and stems
- Thin-thick walls, very flexible, don’t contain lignin, elongate during plant growth and are found in leaves and shoots
- Cell wall is hardened by lignin, cant grow, die when they mature, cells walls are left behind when they die which forms wood, found in stems and leaf veins
What is 1. dermal tissue? 2. Ground tissue? 3. Vascular tissue?
- Parenchyma cells that cover the outside of the plant
- Parenchyma cells that provide support, contains chloroplasts, and stores materials in roots and stems
- Consists of xylem and phloem
What are tracheid cells and vessel elements and where are they found?
Tracheid-long and narrow cells that allow water flow between them
They are non living cells that make of the non living xylem tissues
What cells is the phloem made of? What are their roles?
Sieve elements and companion cells.
Companions cells perform functions for sieve elements and transport materials through plasmodesmata
What are the 3 steps in the pressure flow model?
- Sugars move from leaves into phloem
- Water moves from xylem to phloem through osmosis
- Sugars move into fruits or roots to be stored
What is the 1. apical meristem? 2. What are lateral meristems? 3. Fibrous roots? 4. Taproots?
- Area of growth that lengthens the root.
- Area of growth that increases thickness
- Long, netlike roots
- Thick, roots, singular
What is the 1. Petiole? 2. Axillary bud? 3. Mesophyll? 4. Upper Mesophyll? 5. Lower Mesophyll?
- Think stalk that connects to the blade. 2. Grows between petiole and stem that marks the end of a leaf
- Parenchyma tissue in between the two dermal layers
- Palisade Mesophyll which contains chloroplasts
- Spongy mesophyll Stomata, transpiration and gas exchange
What makes the guard cells open the stomata? What happens when the stomata is open?
Potassium ions accumulate and water flowers to them, changing the guard cells shape causing them to open the stomata,
When open, water evaporates and when more water is transpiring than being gained from roots, the stomata closes
What are 1. Hormones? 2. Gibberellins? 3. Ethylene? 4. Phototropism? 5. Thigmotropism? 6. Cytokines?
- A chemical messenger produced that stimulates or suppresses other cells
- Produces dramatic increases in size(ending dormancy, germination)
- Causes ripening
- Tendency of a plant to grow towards light
- Plants response to touch(vines growing on anything they touch)
- Stimulate cytokinesis, produced in roots, seeds, fruits
What are 1. Auxins? 2. Tropism? 3. Gravitropism? 4. Photoperiodism?
- Involved in lengthening cells, less auxin=more growth in side branches and roots, high levels=shoot growth
- Movement of a plant in response to an environmental stimulus (if a side of a plant is shaded, auxins cause the shaded side to lean towards light)
- Shoot growing against gravity, root growing into ground
- Plants adapting to changes in lengths of days and nights
