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2017 Final Deck Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q
  1. What is a virus? 2. Pathogen? 3. Traits of living things? 4. Viroid? 5. Prion? 6. Bacteriophage?
A
  1. Infectious particle made of Genetic material and protein capsid
  2. Anything that causes an infectious disease
  3. Reproduction, use nutrients and energy, grow, and respond to environment
  4. Cause disease in plants, made of single RNA strand no capsid
  5. Made of proteins that cause other proteins to fold incorrectly
  6. Viruses that infect bacteria, works like a syringe
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2
Q
  1. How to viruses enter? 2. Lytic infection? 3. Lysogenic infection? 4. Examples of viral infections? 5. Vaccine? 6. HIV and its traits?
A
  1. Endocytosis and enzymes to break cell wall
  2. Takes over hosts DNA to copy virus, produces enzymes to destroy cell and release viruses into body
  3. Viral DNA combines with hosts DNA and can remain dormant or be activated by a trigger and then becomes a lytic infection
  4. Cold, flu, SARS, HIV
  5. Substance that stimulates immune response, made of weakened pathogens
  6. Retrovirus, contains RNA and uses reverse transcriptase enzyme to produce DNA
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3
Q
  1. What is a obligate anaerobe? 2. Obligate aerobe? 3. Facultative? 4. Rod shaped bacteria? 5. Spiral? 6. Spherical?
A
  1. A prokaryote that is poisoned by oxygen
  2. Prokaryote that needs oxygen to survive
  3. Prokaryote that can live with or without oxygen
  4. Bacilli
  5. Spirilla or spirochete
  6. Cocci
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4
Q
  1. What is a plasmid? 2. Pilli? 3. Archaea membranes being different from bacteria? 4. Gram positive? 5. Gram negative? 6. Binary fission? 7. Conjugation?
A
  1. Piece of genetical material that can replicate separately from main chromosome
  2. Smaller form of flagella and more numerous
  3. Archaea membranes contain rare lipids and bacteria contain peptidoglycan
  4. Thin layer of peptidoglycan, purple
  5. Thicker layer, red
  6. Daughter cells split in half after copying
  7. Exchange parts of chromosome through pili
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5
Q
  1. Endospore? 2. Photosynthesizing prokaryotes? 3. Cyanobacteria? 4. Nitrogen fixation? 5. Legumes and bacteria? 6. Bioremediation? 7. Toxin?
A
  1. Specialized cell wall produced in harsh conditions
  2. Purple and green bacteria use light to make carbohydrates
  3. Produce 02 as a byproduct
  4. Converting atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia
  5. Have a mutualistic relationship with nitrogen fixing bacteria, live on nodules(roots)
  6. Using microbes to break down pollutants
  7. Poison released by bacteria
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6
Q
  1. What is a plant? 2. Charophyceae? 3. Traits from charophyceae?
A
  1. Multicellular eukaryotes that produces food through photosynthesis, wall made of cellulose
  2. Ancient species of green algae and ancestor of all plants
  3. Multicellular body and cell specialization, method of cell division through small channels that allows cells to communicate with each other chemically, and reproduction with sperm and egg
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7
Q
  1. What is the evolution of plants? 2. What is a cuticle? 3. What are stomata? 4. Vascular system? 5. Lignin? 6. Pollen grain? 7. Seed?
A
  1. Charophyceans, mosses, ferns, cone bearing plants, flower bearing plants
  2. A waxy, waterproof layer that holds in moisture
  3. Tiny holes in cuticle, allow the movement of air and water through plant
  4. A collection of specialized tissues that bring water and nutrients from roots to leaves
  5. Material that hardens the cell walls of vascular tissues, strength of wood,
  6. Two celled structure that contains a cell that will divid to form sperm
  7. Storage devise for a plant embryo
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8
Q
  1. Mutualism? 2. What phyla do mosses belong to? 3. What are the 3 phyla of nonvascular plants? 4. Liverworts?
  2. Hornworts? 6. Sphagnum and peats?
A
  1. An interaction between two species in which both species benefit
  2. Bryophyta
  3. Hepatophyta(liverworts), and Anthocerophyta(hornworts
  4. Thallose and leafy forms, eggs are produced on umbrella structures of thallose, leaflike structures are arranged in three rows
  5. Lobed appearance, grasslike
  6. A moss that does not decay when it dies and forms piles called peat, which has antibacterial properties
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9
Q
  1. Two phyla of seedless-vascular plants? 2. Club mosses? 3. What are the three types of ferns? 4. Horsetails? 5. Ferns? 6. Pollination? 7. What do seeds help do?
A
  1. Club mosses(lycophyta) and ferns (Pterophyta)
  2. Look like trees, one species=lycopodium
  3. Whisk ferns, horsetails, and ferns
  4. Grow in whorls around a tubular stem, cells walls contain rough compound silica
  5. Grow from underground stems called rhizomes, fiddleheads grow into fronds
  6. When pollen meets female reproductive parts
  7. Reproduction without freestanding water, seeds protect embryo and can survive for many months or years dormant, allow dispersion of plants
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10
Q
  1. Gymnosperm? 2. Angiosperm? 3. Cone? 4. 3 phyla of gymnosperms? 5. Cycads? 6. Ginkgo? 7. Conifers?
A
  1. Seed plant whose seeds are not in fruit
  2. Seeds enclosed in fruit
  3. Reproductive structure of gymnosperms
  4. Cycadophyta(cycads), ginkgophyta(Ginkgo biloba), coniferophyta (conifers)
  5. Palm trees with large cones,
  6. Only species, ginkgo biloba, grows in china
  7. Needlelike trees
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11
Q
  1. Flower? 2. Fruit? 3. Cotyledon? 4. Monocots? 5. Dicots? 6. What kind of flowers are plants such as cucumbers and cactus considered as?
A
  1. Reproductive structure of flowering plants
  2. Mature ovary of a flower
  3. An embryonic leaf inside a seed
  4. 1 cotyledon, parallel veins, flowers in multiples of 3, vascular tissues are scattered(ex. Corn, rice,)
  5. 2 cotyledons, netlike veins, flowers in multiples of 4 or 5, vascular tissues in rings (ex. Peanut)
  6. Herbaceous plants
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12
Q
  1. Annual flowers? 2. Biennial? 3. Perennial? 4. Botany? 5. Ethnobotany? 6. Pharmacology? 7. Alkaloids?
A
  1. Lifespan in 1 year (corn, lettuce)
  2. Two years (carrots)
  3. More than two years (grasses)
  4. Study of plants
  5. How different cultures use plants
  6. Study of drugs and their effect on the body
  7. Potent plant chemicals that contain nitrogen, interfere with cell division, taxol(anti cancer properties)
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13
Q
  1. 3 types of plant cells? 2. Parenchyma cells? 3. Collenchyma? 4. Sclerenchyma? 5. Plasmodesmata?
A
  1. Parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma
  2. Most common, store starch, oil and water, thin walls and water filled vacuoles in middle, photosynthesis occurs in cells, flesh of fruits, have the ability to divide their whole life,
  3. Thin to thick walls, provide support, very flexible, dont contain lignin, can elongate with plant growth
  4. Thickest and strongest, can’t grow with plant,
  5. Strands of cytoplasm that pass through openings in cell walls and connect living cells
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14
Q
  1. Dermal tissue system? 2. Ground tissue? 3. Vascular? 4. Xylem? 5. Phloem?
A
  1. Covers outside of plant, made of parenchyma cells,
  2. Makes inside of plant, provides support and stores materials, packed with chloroplasts, parenchyma is most common but contains all 3
  3. Transports materials,
  4. Vascular tissue that carries materials from roots to rest of plant
  5. Vascular tissue that carries products of photosynthesis through the plant
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15
Q
  1. Tracheid? 2. Vessel elements? 3. Cohesion tension theory? 4. Transpiration?
A
  1. Cell in xylem, long and narrow, water flows from cells to cell through openings,
  2. Cell in xylem, short and wider than tracheid, mature and die before water moves through them and the cell wall disintegrates at both ends, the cells that connect end to end to from long tubes
  3. Properties of water allow the rise of water throughout the plant,
  4. The loss of water vapor from a plant
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16
Q
  1. Sieve tube elements?

2. Pressure flow model?

A
  1. In phloem, small holes in end wall of their cells, lose their nuclei as they form, next to a companion cell which are connected by plasmodesmata, companion cells keep their organelles and preform functions for sieve elements
  2. Step one-sugars move from photosynthesizing leaves in phloem,
    Step two-water moves from the xylem into phloem by osmosis,
    Step three-sugars move in sink (root, fruit) to be stored
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17
Q
  1. Parts of a root?
  2. Fibrous root?
  3. Taproot?
  4. Primary growth?
  5. Secondary growth?
  6. Cross section of a root from outside to center?
A
  1. Vascular cylinder, apical meristem, root cap
  2. Net of roots, provide a firm anchor
  3. Long, thick, vertical roots, allow plant to get water deep in ground
  4. Growth vertically
  5. Growth horizontally
  6. Dermal tissue, ground tissue, vascular cylinder
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18
Q
  1. Petiole?
  2. Auxiliary bud?
  3. Leaf tissues?
  4. Mesophyll
  5. Upper and lower side of leaf?
  6. Guard cells
A
  1. Connect the blade to the stem by a thin stalk
  2. Bud that grows between petiole and stem of a plant, marks where the leaf ends
  3. Dermal tissue, ground tissue, vascular,
  4. Between dermal, parenchyma tissue,
  5. Upper=chloroplast, lower=stomata for transpiration and gas exchange
  6. Surround each stomata, potassium ions cause water to flow to guard cells which opens the stomata
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19
Q
  1. Palisade Mesophyll?
  2. Spongy mesophyll?
  3. Hormone?
  4. Gibberellins?
  5. Ethylene?
  6. Cytokines?
A
  1. Just under the dermal layer, rectangular cells that absorb the light
  2. Just beneath palisade, loosely packed air spaces that create space for stomata,
  3. Chemical messenger that stimulates or suppresses activity of cells in another part of the body
  4. Hormone that stimulates dramatic increases in size
  5. Hormone that causes ripening
  6. Hormone that stimulates cytokinesis, slow aging,
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20
Q
  1. Auxins?
  2. Tropism?
  3. Phototropism?
  4. Thigmotropism?
  5. Gravitropism
  6. Photoperiodism?
A
  1. Hormones involved in lengthening plant cells in the apical meristem, stimulate growth of primary stem
  2. Tropism-movement of a plant in response to an environmental stimulus, causes auxins to elongate cells if they are not getting enough sunlight which makes the plant bend towards the light
  3. Tendency of a plant to grow towards light
  4. Response to touch, vines growing on anything they touch
  5. Up-and-down growth of plant
  6. Plants taking signals from length changes in days
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21
Q
  1. Traits of animals?
  2. Homeotic genes?
  3. Homeobox genes?
  4. Vertebrate?
  5. Invertebrate?
  6. Phylum?
A
  1. Multicellular heterotrophs, supported by collagen, diploid and reproduce sexually, hox genes
  2. Control early development in organisms
  3. Hox genes, define head to tail pattern in animal embryos, tell genes what body part they are
  4. Animal with internal segmented back bone
  5. Invertebrates-animals without backbones
  6. Group of animal that share structural and functional characteristics
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22
Q
  1. Bilateral symmetry?
  2. Radial symmetry?
  3. Protosomes?
  4. Deuterostomes?
  5. 9 animal phyla?
A
  1. Animals with vertical symmetry(humans, mammals)
  2. Animals with body parts arranged in a circle around the central axis
  3. Mouth is formed first, anus second
  4. Anus is formed first and mouth is formed second
  5. Porifera(sponges), Cnidaria(jellyfish), platyhleminthes(flat worms), annelida(segmented worms), mollusca, nematoda(round worms), Arthropoda, echinodermata(star fish), and Chordata
23
Q
  1. Lophotrochozoa?
  2. Ecdysozoa?
  3. Phylum included in deuterostomes?
A
  1. Platyhelminthes, annelids, and mollusca that are apart of protostomes
  2. Nematoda and arthropods
  3. Echinodermata and Chordata
24
Q
  1. Virulent virus? 2. Measles? 3. Sporophyte? 4. Gametophyte? 5. Anther? 6. Pistil? 7. Archegonium?
A
  1. Reproduces only through a lytic infection
  2. Bacterial disease where bacteria eat human tissue
  3. Diploid phase of a cell
  4. Haploid phase, gamete producing phase
  5. Where pollen is produced in a cell
  6. The female organs of a flower, stigma, style, and ovary
  7. Where seedless plants produce eggs
25
Q
  1. What is a difference between the cell walls of bacteria and eukaryotes? 2. When are sporophytes produced? 3. When are gametophytes produced?
A
  1. Bacterias cell walls are made of carbohydrates and proteins
  2. Meiosis
  3. Mitosis
26
Q
  1. Arthropod?
  2. Chitin?
  3. Appendage?
  4. What are the 5 groups of arthropods?
  5. Traits of chelicerates?
  6. Traits of insects?
  7. Traits of myriapods?
A
  1. An invertebrate animal with an exoskeleton made of chitin
  2. Long organic molecule made of sugars arranged in layers
  3. Extension of an organism’s body
  4. Trilobites, crustaceans, chelicerates, insects, and Myriapods
  5. Daggerlike mouth parts
  6. Six legs, abdomen, and thorax
  7. First pair of legs are poisonous, centipedes,
27
Q
  1. Describe the circulation of an arthropod?
  2. 3 components of an insect?
  3. Incomplete metamorphosis?
  4. Complete metamorphosis?
  5. Proboscis?
  6. Three ways of controlling insect populations?
  7. Examples of diseases carried by insects
A
  1. Open circulatory system
  2. Abdomen, thorax, head
  3. Direct development, nymphs look like mini adults
  4. Four steps, Larva, Pupa, Eggs, Adult
  5. Long strawlike mouth(mosquitos)
  6. Non-harmful insecticides, IPM, and Genetically modified plants
  7. Bubonic plague, yellow fever, Malaria, West Nile Virus
28
Q
  1. Four characteristics of a chordate?
  2. Four skeletal traits of chordates?
  3. Seven classes of Chordata?
  4. Agnatha?
  5. Two subgroups of Chordata?
  6. Are tunicates or lancelets more closely related to chordates and why?
  7. First chordates?
A
  1. Notochord, hollow nerve chord, pharyngeal slits, tail
  2. Braincase, vertebrae, bones, gill arches
  3. Agnatha, chondrichthyes, osteichthyes, amphibians, reptilia, aves, mammalia
  4. Jawless fish, lampreys
  5. Tunicates(urochordates) free swimming and sessile animals:
    Lancelets(cephalochordates) small eels
  6. Tunicates, they posses the neural crest which develops into parts of nervous system, head, bones, and teeth
  7. Lampreys, jawless fish, Hagfish
29
Q
  1. How do fish maximize the amount of oxygen absorbed in their gills?
  2. Five fins of fish?
  3. Four classes of jawed fish?
  4. Two classes of chondrichthyes?
  5. Holocephali?
  6. Elasmobranchs?
  7. Lateral line?
  8. Electroreceptive cells?
A
  1. Counter-current flow
  2. Caudal, anal, pectoral, pelvic, dorsal
  3. Acanthodians(extinct, placoderms(extinct), Chondrichthyes, and bony fish
  4. Holocephali and Elasmobranchs
  5. Chimeras, ratfish, platelike grinding teeth,
  6. Sharks, rays, skates,
  7. Series of canals on sides of fish that detect changes in water movement
  8. Receive electric signals made by muscle contractions in other fish
30
Q
  1. Operculum?
  2. Ray fin?
  3. Swim bladder?
  4. Lobe fins?
  5. What’s unique about coelacanths from other bony fish?
  6. Circulatory system of fish?
A
  1. A protective plate that covers the gills of all bony fish.
  2. Fin supported by a fan-shaped array of bones
  3. Buoyancy organ, transfers 02 between blood
  4. Paired pectoral and pelvic fins that are round, let to the evolution of limbs
  5. Swim bladder is filled with fat
  6. Single loop, atrium collects returning blood and pumps it to ventricle, Ventricle pumps it to gills and the rest of the body
31
Q
  1. Circulatory system of amphibians?
  2. Adaptations from tadpole to frog?
  3. Three types of amphibians?
  4. Keratin and where its used?
  5. Placenta?
A
  1. 3 chambered heart. Pulmonary circuit pumps blood to skin and lungs, systemic pumps it to rest of body and returns OPB
  2. Lungs, circulatory system to send blood to lungs, carnivorous diet,
  3. Salamanders, frogs, caecilians
  4. Protein that binds to lipids to form a hydrophobic layer, found on skin cells of amniotes
  5. Membranous organ that develops in female pregnancy
32
Q
  1. What was Pasteur’s germ theory?
  2. Significance of Joseph Lister?
  3. Bacteria?
  4. Virus?
  5. Fungi?
  6. Protozoa?
  7. Parasites?
A
  1. Specific microorganisms cause diseases,
  2. Heard theory, began cleaning operating tools with acid and did not have any more patient deaths
  3. Cause illness by releasing chemicals
  4. Disease causing strands of DNA or RNA surrounded by capsid,
  5. Multi or single celled, piece body cells and take nutrients
  6. Prey on hosts nutrients
  7. Grow and feed on host
33
Q

What are Koch’s 4 postulates?

A
  1. Disease must be found present in every case where disease is found
  2. Isolated pathogen must be grown in pure culture
  3. Healthy animals infected with pure culture must develop disease
  4. Pathogen must be re-isolated and cultured from newly sick animal and be identical to the original
34
Q
  1. HIV?
  2. Pneumonia?
  3. tuberculosis?
  4. Malaria?
  5. Hepatitis B?
  6. Measles?
  7. Influenza?
A
  1. Virus
  2. Virus, bacteria
  3. Bacteria
  4. Protozoa
  5. Virus
  6. Virus
  7. Virus
35
Q
  1. What are the 6 types of White Blood cells and their roll?

7. What is a phagocyte?

A
  1. Basophils-makes histamine for blood stream
  2. Mast Cells-Makes histamine for body tissues
  3. Neutrophils-phagocyte
  4. Macrophage-phagocyte for dead or damaged body cells
  5. Lymphocyte-destroys infected body cells or produces antibodies, complement proteins, and interferons
  6. Eosinophils-injects poison into parasites
  7. A cell that destroys pathogens by engulfing them
36
Q
  1. T cells?
  2. B cells?
  3. Three types of immune proteins?
A
  1. Destroy infected body cells
  2. Produce proteins that inactivate pathogens that have not infected a body cell yet, make antibodies
  3. Complement, antibodies and interferons
37
Q
  1. Complement proteins?
  2. Antibodies?
  3. Interferons?
A
  1. weaken pathogen’s cell membrane which allows water to enter and makes it burst or attract phagocytes, cause microbes to stick to wall of blood vessel
  2. Bind pathogens together by sticking to their antigens which makes them easier to engulf by a phagocyte or activate complement proteins
  3. Produced in viral infections, stimulate uninfected cells to produce enzymes that will prevent viruses from entering and infecting them
38
Q
  1. Passive immunity?

2. Active immunity?

A
  1. Genetic and inherited immunity (breastfeeding)

2. Immunity produced during response to pathogen ACQUIRED IMMUNITY

39
Q
  1. what happens during a fever?
  2. High fever or low fever?
  3. Antigens?
  4. Memory cells?
A
  1. Mast cells or macrophages release chemicals that cause the hypothalamus to increase body temperature
  2. Low fever, stimulate production of interferons and increase WBC production rate
  3. Protein markers on the surfaces of cells and viruses that help immune system identify foreign cells
  4. T and B cells that provide acquired immunity because they remember the pathogen’s antigen
40
Q

What happens in cellular immunity?

A
  1. Phagocyte recognizes foreign invader and engulfs it,
  2. Phagocyte removes pathogen’s antigens and displays them on its cell membrane,
  3. T cell encounters antigen presenting phagocyte and binds to it. The antigen presenting cell then releases proteins that activate the T cell
  4. Activated T cells differentiate it activated and memory T cells, activated fight current infection, memory act as reserves for future invasions
  5. Activated T cells bind to and destroy infected body cells
41
Q

What happens in Humoral Immunity?

A
  1. Pathogen binds to a B cell, is engulfed, and pathogens are displayed on B cell
  2. T cell binds to B cell, and T cell activates B cell
  3. B cell divides into memory and activated B cells
  4. Activated B cells produced antibodies and cause pathogens to clump and be engulfed by phagocytes
42
Q
  1. Antiseptics?
  2. Antibiotic resistance?
  3. Three Types of vaccines and their traits?
A
  1. Chemicals that kill pathogens (soap, rubbing alcohol)
  2. When bacteria mutate so they are no longer affected by antibiotics
  3. Live attenuated-weak living pathogens
  4. Component vaccines-only antigen of pathogen
  5. Toxoid-inactivated bacterial toxins
43
Q
  1. What does Leukemia do?
A
  1. Produce ineffective WBC which makes the bone marrow produce more which it is really just producing more ineffective WBC,
44
Q
  1. Viral capsid is composed of what?
  2. In a lysogenic infection, once the viral DNA is incorporated into the bacterial DNA, what is the DNA called?
  3. Botulism?
  4. Organelles that E Coli and other bacteria have in common with Eukaryotes are?
  5. Describe the layer of E Coli’s layer of peptidoglycan?
  6. What kind of infection is a provirus apart of?
  7. The procedure used to identify the pathogen that causes a disease?
  8. Bacterial disease caused by bacteria that use human tissue for nutrients?
  9. Antibiotic resistance….?
  10. An emerging disease that might mutate, spreading to humans as a new host is….?
A
  1. Proteins
  2. Prophage
  3. Disease caused by a deadly toxin
  4. Ribosomes
  5. Thin layer
  6. Lysogenic infection
  7. Koch’s postulates
  8. Tuberculosis
  9. Arises naturally in bacteria
  10. Bird flu
45
Q
  1. T/F. Mary Mallon was a cook for wealthy families who spread tuberculosis to people accidentally
  2. What the of disease is Lyme’s disease?
  3. T/F. Skin has mucous membranes?
  4. When do B cels produce effector cells?
  5. What is the last line of defense against an extra cellular pathogen?
  6. Memory cell production is associated with which line of defense?
  7. More than 70 percent of the world’s cultivated farmland is used for growing…?
  8. Bark contains….?
  9. Coal is the fossilized remains of what?
  10. T/F. Heliotropism can be seen in a bean plant that wraps itself around a pole?
A
  1. False
  2. Bacterial
  3. False
  4. Between 0-7 days
  5. Antibody production by plasma cells
  6. Third line
  7. Grains
  8. Phloem and cork cells
  9. Seedless vascular plants
  10. True
46
Q
  1. An animal with bilateral symmetry has…?
  2. What co-evolved with insects?
  3. What passes through a chordate’s pharyngeal slits?
  4. Ganglia at the anterior of animals serves as a primitive…?
A
  1. Left and right sides and displays cephalization
  2. Angiosperms
  3. Water
  4. Brain
47
Q

Lobe-finned fish that may be the closest living relatives to terrestrial vertebrates are….

A

Lungfish

48
Q

Which unique feature of a reptile’s circulatory system allows it to maintain blood flow when it’s not breathing?

A

Single ventricle

49
Q

All mammals share the characteristic of…?

A

Having hair

50
Q

Kingdom animalia includes…..?

A

About 35 major phyla

51
Q

Mammals arose from early reptiles called?

A

Therapsids

52
Q

The amount of urine produced in a fish depends primarily on…?

A

Environment

53
Q

Major difference between bony fish and sharks is the…?

A

Swim bladder in bony fish

54
Q
  1. The heat sensing organs between the eyes and nostril of a rattlesnake?
  2. What is not true of snakes?
  3. What do birds and reptiles have in common?
  4. A bird’s crop?
  5. Dugnogs and manatees are?
  6. What was the first member of the genus homo?
  7. Homo erects was the direct ancestor of?
  8. Modern humans are closest related to?
  9. Fevers at 103 degrees ferenheit…
A
  1. Pit organs
  2. They have a tympanum
  3. Scales on their legs
  4. Temporarily stores food
  5. Sirenians
  6. Homo habilis
  7. Homo sapiens
  8. Homo erectus
  9. Inhibit the growth of pathogens

Biology (13 decks)

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