Chapter 31-Immune Disease Flashcards
What is Germ Theory? Who created the theory?
Specific microorganisms that cause disease that are called pathogens
-Louis Pasteur
What are Koch’s 4 postulates?
- Pathogen must be present in every case where the disease is found
- Pathogen must be grown in a pure culture
- Pure culture pathogen must be inserted into a healthy animal and the animal must develop the disease.
- The pathogen from the newly sick animal must be grown in a pure culture and must be identical to the original pathogen.
What is a 1. bacteria? 2Virus? 3Fungi? 4Protozoa? 5Parasite? 6Vector
- Single celled organism that releases toxins to cause disease
- Disease causing strand of DNA or RNA
- Cause disease by living of hosts cells and nutrients
- Live on hosts cells and nutrients
- Grow and feed on hosts nutrients
- Anything that carries a pathogen and transmits it to another organism
What is a phagocyte?
A cell that destroys pathogens by engulfing them
What are the types of W.B.C?
Basophils, mast cells, neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes, and eosinophils
What does a 1basophil do? 2mast cells? 3neutrophil? 4macrophages? 5Lymphocyte? 6Eosinophil?
- Makes and release histamine in blood stream
- Makes and releases histamine in body tissues
- Phagocyte
- Phagocyte
- Destroys infected body cells or produces proteins to inactivate pathogens
- Injects poisons into parasites
What do T cells do? B cells?
T cell-destroys infected body cells
B cell-produce antibodies to inactivate pathogens that havent infected a cell yet
What are the three types of proteins that the immune system uses to fight off pathogens?
Complement proteins, antibodies, and interferons
What are complement proteins?
Proteins made by W.B.C and they weaken a pathogen’s cell membrane or attract phagocytes
What are antibodies?
Proteins made by B cells that clump pathogens together by binding to their antigens and make them easier to be engulfed by a phagocyte
What are interferons?
Proteins made by infected body cells that stimulate uninfected cells to produce enzymes that prevent a virus from entering
What is passive immunity? Active?
Passive-immunity transferred from birth (breast milk or umbilical cord) or a vaccine
Active(acquired)-immunity that your body produces in response to previous or current infection
What are antigens?
Proteins markers on pathogens
What are the 4 steps in cellular immunity?
- Phagocyte engulfs pathogen and the pathogen’s antigens display on the surface of the phagocyte
- T cell binds to antigens displaying on phagocyte and T cell is activated
- T cell divides into memory and activated T cells
- Activated T cells bind to infected body cells, causing them to burst
What are the 4 steps in humoral immunity?
- Pathogens binds to a B cell and B cells takes one of its antigens
- T cells binds to acquired antigen on B cell and activates B cell
- B cell divides into memory and activated B cells
- B cell produces antibodies, causing them to clump
What are antiseptics?
Chemicals, soaps, vinegar, and other substances that kill pathogens
What is your bodies response when a pathogen enters your body after you’ve had the vaccine?
- Memory B cells are stimulated
2. Memory B cells produce antibodies
What are the types of vaccines? What defines them?
Live attenuated-weakened pathogens
Component-made only of antigen
Toxoid-made from inactivated bacterial toxins
What is anaphylaxis?
When the immune system releases a large amount of histamine in response to an allergen and causes airways to tighten and blood vessels to become porous.
What happens in Leukemia?
- Bone marrow produces ineffective W.B.C
- To try to replace defective W.B.C, bone marrow produces more but the newly produced ones are still ineffective
- All of the bone marrows energy is made trying to make new W.B.C and a shortage of red blood cells and platelets occurs
How does HIV lead to AIDS?
HIV kills T cells and uses them as a host to produce more HIV viruses. The immune system then fails and ultimately leads into AIDS.
