Structure of animal cells Flashcards
The hierarchy of biological organization in order (smallest to highest)
Atoms, Molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere
make
up the basic unit of life
Atoms and Molecules
distinct and specialized
subcellular structures that contribute to the cell’s
maintenance and reproduction;
membrane-bound structures in
eukaryotic cells
Organelles
the smallest, basic, functional
unit of life formed when
different atoms and molecules
combine and function together
Cell
groups of cells that work
together to perform a
specialized function
Tissue
groups of tissues that work
together to perform a
specialized function
organ
groups of organs that work
together to perform a certain
process in the body
Organ system
formed by different organ
systems that create complex
interactions with one another to
maintain balance or homeostasis,
and sustain life
organism
organisms that belong to the
same species and live in the
same area
Population
different populations living in
the same area
Community
includes all the communities
interacting with one another and
with their environment
Ecosystem
includes all the different kinds of
ecosystem
Biosphere
Four main types of animal tissue
epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous
tissues.
a type of animal tissue that forms the inner and outer
lining of organs, the covering in surfaces, and the primary glandular tissue of the body.
Epithelial Tissues
Types of Epithelial Tissues
Simple squamous epithelium, simple cuboidal epithelium, simple columnar epithelium, pseudostratified columnar epithelium, stratified squamous epithelium, stratified cuboidal epithelium, stratified columnar epithelium
Number of
Layers: one
Shape of
Cells: flat,
scale-like
Examples: air sacs or
alveoli, capillary
walls
Functions: site of diffusion or
exchange of
substances;
secretion
Simple Squamous Epithelium
Number of
Layers: one
Shape of
Cells: cube-shaped
Examples: glands and their
ducts, ovaries,
and lining of
kidney tubules
Functions: absorption and
secretion
simple cuboidal epithelium
Number of
Layers: one
Shape of
Cells: elongated or column- shaped
Examples: walls of the gastro-
intestinal tract and body cavities
Functions: absorption and
secretion; contains
goblet cells that
secrete mucus
simple columnar epithelium
Number of
Layers: one
Shape of
Cells: elongated or column- shaped
Examples: the lining of the
respiratory tract
Functions: absorption and
secretion;
usually ciliated
(with hair-like
projections called
cilia); cells have
unequal length and
position of nucleus
forming a false
(hence, pseudo-)
layering of cells
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Number of
Layers: more than
one
Shape of
Cells: flat,
scale-like
Examples: the epidermis,
lining of mouth,
esophagus, and
vagina
Functions: protection against
abrasion or
constant exposure
to friction
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Number of
Layers: more than
one
Shape of
Cells: Cube-shaped
Examples: sweat glands,
salivary glands,
and mammary
glands
Functions: protection and
secretion
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
Number of
Layers: more than
one
Shape of
Cells: elongated or column-
shaped
Examples: male urethra
and ducts of
some glands
Functions: protection and
secretion
Stratified columnar epithelium
