Structure/Function/Control

Question 1

5 Functions

Answer 1

Digestion
Motility
Secretion
absorption 
Excretion

Question 2

Mechanisms of control in GI

Answer 2

Neural: ANS + Enteric nervous system
Endocrine: Hormones affecting distal organs
Paracrine: Histamine altering local function

Question 3

Parasympathetic response

Answer 3

SLUD6
Salivation
Lacrimation
Urination
DFefacation
Digestions
DEC HR
DEC airway diameter
DEC pupil
Dilation erection

Question 4

Enteric Nervous system segments and function

Answer 4

Myesteric Plexus: gut motility

Submucosal plexus: Intestinal absorption + secretion

Question 5

Gastrin

Answer 5

• Stimulates gastric acid secretions in antrum

- Stimulated by peptides, distension, + stimulation

Question 6

Diseases associated w/ Gastrin

Answer 6

• Zollinger-Ellison Sundrome

- PUD

Question 7

CCK

Answer 7

• Stimulates Gallbladder + Pancreas

- stimulated by peptides + FAs

Question 8

Secretin

Answer 8

• Stimulated by Acid
• Stimulates Pancreas, Liver,
• inhibits gastric acid secretions + gastrin

Question 9

GIP

Answer 9

• Stimulates Insulin release
• inhibits gastric acid secretion
• stimulated by glucose, amino acids, + FAs

Question 10

Pancreatic polypeptide

Answer 10

• Inhibits pancreas

- stimulated by orotein, fat, + glucose

Question 11

GLP-1

Answer 11

• Where: Ilium/Colon
• Stimulates insulin
• Stimulated by glucose + fat

Question 12

Somatostatin

Answer 12

• Inhibits other peptide hormones

- stimulated by acid, inhibited by vagus

Question 13

Histamine + GI

Answer 13

• Stimulates acid secretions

- stimulated by gastrin + other unknowns

Question 14

VIP

Answer 14

• relax sphincters; stimulate intestinal + pancreatic secretions
• stimulated by enteric nervous system

Question 15

Bombesin

Answer 15

• stimulates gastrin release

- by ENS

Question 16

Enkephalins

Answer 16

• Stimulate smooth muscle contractions; inhibit secretions

Question 17

Xerostomia

Answer 17

• Atrophy of salivary glands
• Sjogren’s, radiation, + medication
• S/S: dental caries, halitosis, difficulty swallowing
• Tx: Pilocarpine

Question 18

D Cells

Answer 18

Somatostain

Question 19

Cephalic phase

Answer 19

• Vagus -> Parietal acid secretion, ECL histamine release, + GRP stimulates G Cells

Question 20

Gastric Phase

Answer 20

• Gastric acid secretion via distention -> Vasovagal reflex

Question 21

Intestinal phase

Answer 21

• Gastrin released by G Cells in SI in response to AA n chyme

Question 22

Which two compounds are implicated int he vasovagal response in the stomach?

Answer 22

VIP + NO

Question 23

NSAID Mechanism

Answer 23

inhbition of prostaglandins which normally produce protective mucus and HCO3- formation

Question 24

PPI SE

Answer 24

Most Common: nausea, abdominal pain, constipation, + diahhrea

Parietal Cell Hyperplasia -> FGPs + acid rebound with discontinue of PPIs

Question 25

Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome

Answer 25

• Gastrinoma; Endocrine tumor in pancreas that secretes gastrin

Question 26

CCK + bile secretion

Answer 26

• released in response to fats

- stimulates gall bladder contraction and sphincter of Oddi relxation

Question 27

Secretin + Bile secretion

Answer 27

• Stimulates Bicarbonate ion secretion from biliary cholangiocytes

Question 28

Secretagogues

Answer 28

• substances that stimulate fluid and electrolyte secretion
• INC intracellular levels of cAMP or cGMP causing activation of apical Cl–channels and secretion of Cl–ions into the lumen.

Question 29

Secretagogues

Answer 29

• NT: VIP, ACh
• Paracrine: Bradykinin, histamine, serotonin, prostaglandins
• Other: Bacterialt oxins, plant toxins, laxatives

Question 30

Lubiprostone

Answer 30

• PGE derivative

- stimulates CIC-2 channels on apical membrane

Question 31

Linoclotide

Answer 31

• Peptide agonist of guanylate cyclase -> INC cGMP -> Cl/HCO3 secretions

Question 32

Cholera + Heat labile E. Coli

Answer 32

Raise cAMP via ADP ribosylation of Gs leading to activation of adenyulate cyclase -> Activated CFTR Cl- channels

Question 33

Heat stable E. Coli

Answer 33

Stimulate INC in cGMP which activates CFTR Cl- channel

Question 34

Antibiotic that stimulatse motilin

Answer 34

Erythromycin