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BRS YEAR 2 > Structural Heart Disease > Flashcards

Structural Heart Disease Flashcards

1
Q

order of heart chambers for blood from body back out to body?

A

inferior/superior vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary arteries → pulmonary veins → left atrium → left ventricle → aorta

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2
Q

which valve separates the right atrium and right ventricle?

A

Tricuspid

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3
Q

which valve separates the left atrium and left ventricle?

A

Mitral valve (bicuspid)

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4
Q

which valves control entry into the aorta and pulmonary arteries respectively?

A

aortic valve and pulmonary valve (both semilunar)

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5
Q

heart wall layers from innermost to outermost?

A

endocardium → myocardium → epicardium
Endocardium lines cavities of heart
Myocardium important for contraction
Epicardium protects heart

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6
Q

where are the pectinate muscles and what is one of their functions?

A

found in the right atrium and auricle, help to increase surface area

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7
Q

what do the chordae tendinae connect and what is their function?

A

connect papillary muscles to the mitral and tricuspid valves, stop the valves from prolapsing during ventricular systole

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8
Q

what are papillary muscles? what do they do?

A

small muscles attaching via chordae tendinae to atrioventricular valves and preventing prolapse

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9
Q

what are trabeculae carnae and what do they do?

A

muscle columns projecting from ventricles. provide support to atrioventricular valves, maintain cardiac output and stroke volume

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10
Q

what is the intraventricular septum?

A

muscle wall separating left and right ventricle

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11
Q

difference between systole and diastole?

A

systole = contraction/ejection, diastole = relaxation/filling

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12
Q

phases of systole? (ventricular)

A

isovolumetric contraction, rapid ejection, reduced ejection

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13
Q

what is sound S1?

A

closure of atrioventricular valves

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14
Q

what does QRS complex indicate?

A

Depolarization

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15
Q

What does the T wave indicate

A

Repolarization

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16
Q

what is sound S2?

A

Closure of aortic and pulmonary valves

17
Q

phases of diastole? (ventricular)

A

isovolumetric relaxation, rapid filling, reduced filling

18
Q

what is the LV volume before systole known as?

A

LVEDV → left ventricular end diastolic volume

19
Q

what is the LV volume after systole known as?

A

LVESV → left ventricular end systolic volume

20
Q

how do you calculate cardiac output?

A

stroke volume * heart rate

21
Q

how do you calculate mean arterial pressure MAP?

A

diastolic pressure + 1/3 * difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

22
Q

what is stroke volume?

A

difference between end diastolic volume and end systolic volume

23
Q

how to calculate ejection fraction?

A

stroke volume / end diastolic volume (how much of the blood in the heart is being ejected)

24
Q

what is heart sound S3?

A

low frequency sound in early diastole produced by rapid filling of ventricles

25
Q

most common cause of pathological S3?

A

congestive heart failure (heart too weak or stiff to pump properly)

26
Q

what is heart sound S4?

A

low frequency sound in late diastole from atria forcing blood into stiff ventricles. always pathological e.g. aortic stenosis, systemic hypertension

27
Q

three types of heart murmur?

A

systolic, diastolic, continuous

28
Q

aortic stenosis heart murmur + explanation

A

Valve is tight so when blood rushes through tight opening makes sound
EJECTION SYSTOLIC MURMUR

29
Q

aortic regurgitation heart murmur + explanation

A

diastolic bc valve doesn’t close properly after systole so there is audible backflow when valve should be closed i.e. during diastole (blood flows back from aorta into ventricle)
DIASTOLIC MURMUR

30
Q

patent ductus arteriosus heart murmur + explanation

A

continuous → hole causing free flow of blood between lungs, aorta, pulmonary artery
CONTINOUS MURMUR

31
Q

mitral stenosis heart murmur + explanation

A

mid-diastolic rumble bc mitral valve (atrioventricular) is tight → difficult for blood to flow properly during diastole from atrium to ventricle
MID DIASTOLIC MURMUR

32
Q

mitral regurgitation heart murmur + explanation

A

systolic bc floppy valve can’t close properly so leakage when valve is supposed to be closed i.e. during systole
Holosystolic murmur

33
Q

Ventricular septal defect

A

Hole in between two ventricles
Causes mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
Lungs become overfilled with both types of blood

34
Q

Atrial septal defect

A

Hole in atria
Mixing of blood
Pooling of blood in lungs

35
Q

Tetralogy of fallot

A

1)ventricular defect
2)overarching of aorta(receives mixed blood)
3)pulmonary artery narrowing
4)right ventricular hypertrophy

36
Q

Coarctation of aorta

A

Less blood flows to lower parts of body

BRS YEAR 2 (42 decks)

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