Structural Heart Disease Flashcards
order of heart chambers for blood from body back out to body?
inferior/superior vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary arteries → pulmonary veins → left atrium → left ventricle → aorta
which valve separates the right atrium and right ventricle?
Tricuspid
which valve separates the left atrium and left ventricle?
Mitral valve (bicuspid)
which valves control entry into the aorta and pulmonary arteries respectively?
aortic valve and pulmonary valve (both semilunar)
heart wall layers from innermost to outermost?
endocardium → myocardium → epicardium
Endocardium lines cavities of heart
Myocardium important for contraction
Epicardium protects heart
where are the pectinate muscles and what is one of their functions?
found in the right atrium and auricle, help to increase surface area
what do the chordae tendinae connect and what is their function?
connect papillary muscles to the mitral and tricuspid valves, stop the valves from prolapsing during ventricular systole
what are papillary muscles? what do they do?
small muscles attaching via chordae tendinae to atrioventricular valves and preventing prolapse
what are trabeculae carnae and what do they do?
muscle columns projecting from ventricles. provide support to atrioventricular valves, maintain cardiac output and stroke volume
what is the intraventricular septum?
muscle wall separating left and right ventricle
difference between systole and diastole?
systole = contraction/ejection, diastole = relaxation/filling
phases of systole? (ventricular)
isovolumetric contraction, rapid ejection, reduced ejection
what is sound S1?
closure of atrioventricular valves
what does QRS complex indicate?
Depolarization
What does the T wave indicate
Repolarization
what is sound S2?
Closure of aortic and pulmonary valves
phases of diastole? (ventricular)
isovolumetric relaxation, rapid filling, reduced filling
what is the LV volume before systole known as?
LVEDV → left ventricular end diastolic volume
what is the LV volume after systole known as?
LVESV → left ventricular end systolic volume
how do you calculate cardiac output?
stroke volume * heart rate
how do you calculate mean arterial pressure MAP?
diastolic pressure + 1/3 * difference between systolic and diastolic pressure
what is stroke volume?
difference between end diastolic volume and end systolic volume
how to calculate ejection fraction?
stroke volume / end diastolic volume (how much of the blood in the heart is being ejected)
what is heart sound S3?
low frequency sound in early diastole produced by rapid filling of ventricles
most common cause of pathological S3?
congestive heart failure (heart too weak or stiff to pump properly)
what is heart sound S4?
low frequency sound in late diastole from atria forcing blood into stiff ventricles. always pathological e.g. aortic stenosis, systemic hypertension
three types of heart murmur?
systolic, diastolic, continuous
aortic stenosis heart murmur + explanation
Valve is tight so when blood rushes through tight opening makes sound
EJECTION SYSTOLIC MURMUR
aortic regurgitation heart murmur + explanation
diastolic bc valve doesn’t close properly after systole so there is audible backflow when valve should be closed i.e. during diastole (blood flows back from aorta into ventricle)
DIASTOLIC MURMUR
patent ductus arteriosus heart murmur + explanation
continuous → hole causing free flow of blood between lungs, aorta, pulmonary artery
CONTINOUS MURMUR
mitral stenosis heart murmur + explanation
mid-diastolic rumble bc mitral valve (atrioventricular) is tight → difficult for blood to flow properly during diastole from atrium to ventricle
MID DIASTOLIC MURMUR
mitral regurgitation heart murmur + explanation
systolic bc floppy valve can’t close properly so leakage when valve is supposed to be closed i.e. during systole
Holosystolic murmur
Ventricular septal defect
Hole in between two ventricles
Causes mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
Lungs become overfilled with both types of blood
Atrial septal defect
Hole in atria
Mixing of blood
Pooling of blood in lungs
Tetralogy of fallot
1)ventricular defect
2)overarching of aorta(receives mixed blood)
3)pulmonary artery narrowing
4)right ventricular hypertrophy
Coarctation of aorta
Less blood flows to lower parts of body
