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BRS YEAR 2 > Management Of Specific Fractures > Flashcards

Management Of Specific Fractures Flashcards

1
Q

What is trauma?

A

Emergency broken bone support
In hospital treat via - Advanced trauma life support
- Reduce fracture
- Hold fracture via external or internal fixation
- Rehabilitate (move) when fracture is healed normally 6 weeks

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2
Q

What is orthopaedics?

A

More longer term conditions e.g. osteoarthritis

  • What are the principles for it?
    • History and examination
    • look → feel → move and X ray
    • Investigations
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3
Q

What are the clinical signs of a fracture?

A
  • Pain
  • Swelling
  • Crepitus
  • Deformity
  • Adjacent structural injury: nerves/vessels/ligament/tendons
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4
Q

How do we investigate fractures?

A
  • Radiograph (Xray)- most popular
  • CT scan to make diagnosis or assessment pattern
  • MRI scan if unsure
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5
Q

How do we describe radiographs?

A
  • Location- which bone and which part of bone?
  • Pieces- simple/multifragmentary?
  • Pattern- transverse/oblique/spiral
  • Displaced/undisplaced/minimally displaced
  • Translated/angulated?
  • X/Y/Z plane
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6
Q

X/Y/Z plane- what are the 2 types of movements we can have of bones?

A
  • Translations- what direction is the movement?Straight line movements where you can have:
    • medial and lateral translation
    • proximal and distal translation
    • anterior and posterior translation
  • Angulation- what direction is the movement?Rotation movements:
    • Varus/valgus movement is in coronal plane towards and away from midline
    • Dorsal/volar movement is in sagittal plane
    • Internal/external rotation is in axial plane
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7
Q

What are general complications of fractures (early or late)? (4)

A
  • Fat embolus
  • DVT
  • Infection
  • Prolonged immobility (UTI, chest infections, sores)
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8
Q

What are more specific complications 6

A
  • Neurovascular injury
  • Muscle/tendon injury
  • Non union/mal union
  • Local infection
  • Degenerative change (intraarticular)
  • Reflex sympathetic dystrophy
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9
Q

neck of femor fractures causes in older and younger pts

A
  • Osteoporosis in older patients
  • Trauma in younger patients
  • Combination of both
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10
Q

What do we want to know about in the patient’s history NOF

A
  • Age
  • Comorbidities- cardiovascular/respiratory/diabetes/cancer
  • Preinjury mobility- were they independent/shopping/walking/sports?
  • Social Hx: relatives? do they have stairs at home? ETOH?
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11
Q

Types of NOF

A

Subcapital (intracapsular

Transcervical (intracapsular)

Basicervical (extracapsular)

Intertrochanteric (extracapsular)

Subtrochanteric

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12
Q

How do we determine whether to either fix or replace a fracture? (2) hip

A
  • The location of the fracture
  • The degree of displacement
  • What if the fracture is extracapsular?
    • Blood supply to femur likely to be preserved so head of femur is likely to survive
    • So we fix this fracture with plate and screws or nails (dynamic hip screw). Known as internal fixation
  • What if the fracture is intracapsular?
    • If the bone fragments haven’t moved apart and it’s likely the blood supply is still intact, we can fix the fracture with screws
    • If the bone fragments have displaced, there’s a 25-30% chance of avascular necrosis so we think more about replacing the head of the femur as it might die. If pt less than 55 reduce and fix with screws if older than 65 and they are fit and mobile do total hip replacement but if not then hemiarthroplasty
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13
Q

When do we do a total hip replacement vs hemiarthroplasty?

A
  • Total hip replacement if patient is:
    • Walks >mile a day
    • Independent
    • Minimal comorbidities
  • Hemiarthroplasty (leave acetabulum as bone but replace head and neck of femur) if patient has:
    • Lower mobility
    • Multiple comorbidities
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14
Q

How does shoulder dislocation present

A
  • Variable history but often direct trauma
  • Pain
  • Restricted movement
  • Loss of normal shoulder contour
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15
Q
  • How do we investigate it?
    (Shoulder dislocation)
A
  • X-ray prior to any manipulation- identify fracture e.g. humeral neck, greater tuberosity avulsion or glenoid
  • Scapular-Y view/modified axillary in addition to AP
    -assess neurovascukar structure eg Axillary nerve
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16
Q

How do we manage shoulder fracture

A
  • There are numerous techniques to reduce shoulder dislocation
  • Vigorous manipulation or twisting should be avoided to avoid fractures
  • Safest method is traction with external rotation then adduction then traction with internal rotation
  • Ensure adequate patient relaxation e.g. entonox or benzodiazepines
  • If alone could use Stimson method (using hanging weights)
  • Undertake in safe environment esp in elderly e.g. resus, ask for senior/anaesthetic support early on if necessary
17
Q

What is a complication of shoulder dislocation?

A
  • Hill-Sachs defect- what is it?As humerus comes out, it bangs on glenoid and a fleck of bone comes off (called a Bankart lesion)

Leads to recurrent shoulder dislocation

18
Q

Distal radial fracture 3 ways of management

A
  • Cast/splint(non operative)- when is it done?
    -undisplaced stable fractures
    • Temporary treatment for any distal radial fracture- reduction of fracture and placement into cast until definitive fixation
    • Definitive if minimally displaced, extraarticular fracture
      Slow rehab and stiff but no surgery
  • MUA and K-wire- when is it done?
    • For fractures that are extra-articular and displaced particularly in children
    • MUA (manipulation under anaesthesia) in theatre with K-wire (Kershner wire- a pin in the wrist) fixation can be used
    • Wires can be removed in clinic post op
      Small operation with slow rehab and stiffness

Fixation
Used for complex fractures
Intra articular
Volar instability
Unable to reduce
Faster rehab,big surgery and complications

19
Q

What are is the most commonly fractured bone in ankle fractures?

A

Fibula

20
Q

How do we manage ankle fractures non-operatively?

A

Non-weightbearing below knee cast for 6-8 weeks, can transfer into walking boot and then physio to improve range of motion/stiffness from joint isolation

21
Q

What is a Weber A fracture?

A

Below syndesmosis is without damage to ligaments therefore stable
Treat non operatively

22
Q

What is a Weber B fracture?

A

At the level of ankle joint and may extend to fibula

23
Q

When are Weber B fractures managed non-operatively?

A

no evidence of instability (no medial/posterior malleolus fractures and no talar shift)

24
Q

How do we manage ankle fractures operatively?

A
  • Soft-tissue dependent- patients need strict elevation as injuries often swell considerably
  • ORIF (open reduction and internal fixation) +/- syndesmosis repair using either screw or tightrope technique
  • Syndesmosis screws can be left in situ but may break after some time so therefore can be removed at a later date if needed
  • Done to Weber B unstable fractures
    Dine to Weber c (fibular fracture above the level of syndesmosis therefore unstable)
25
Q

What is a Weber C fracture and why is it operated on every time?

A
  • Above ankle joint
  • i.e. fibular fracture above level of syndesmosis so will be unstable
26
Q

Hugh energy vs low energy injuries

A

High energy
Usually significant trauma on normal bone in young ppl.transverse fracture patterns and comminution

Implications of high energy
Periosteal stripping (loss of blood supply)
Wide zone of injury
Other injuries

27
Q

Fracture healing

A

Direct fracture healing
Anatomical reduction
Absolute stability/compressiom
No callus

Indirect fracture healing
Sufficient reduction
Micro movement
Callus

28
Q

Indirect fracture healing

A

Wolffs law bone grows and remodels in response to forces placed on it

Inflammation-Haematoma formation,release of cytokines,granulation tissue and blood vessel formation
Repair-soft callus (type 2 collagen-cartilage) converted to hard callus (type 1 collagen-bone)
Remodeling-callus responds to activity, functional demands,external forces and growth)

Haematopoiesis formation
Fibrocartilagenous callus formation
Bony callus formation
Bone remodeling

29
Q

Time for bone to heal

A

3-12 weeks depending on site,normally 6 weeks
Signs of growth 7-10 days

Phalanges-3weeks
Metacarpals-4/6 weeks
Distal radius-4/6 weeks
Forearm-8/10 weeks
Tibia-10 weeks
Femur-12 weeks

30
Q

Managing fractures

A

Reduce:open,closed
Hold:plaster,splint,external or internal fixation
Rehabilitate:early late,weight bearing,physiotherapy

31
Q

Reduction

A

If closed then manipulation or traction. With traction skin/skeletal
If open do mini incision or full exposure

32
Q

Factors affecting fracture healing

A

Mechanical environment-movement/firces

Biological environment-blood supply,infection,immune function,nutrition

33
Q

NOF anatomy

A

In intracapsular fractures blood supply more likely to be compromised
Non union
Avascular necrosis
Loss of shentons line

34
Q

Distal radius fractures decision making

A

Intra articular or extra articular
Volar or dorsal
Closed reduction possible?
Patient factors

BRS YEAR 2 (56 decks)

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