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Medicine year 1 > Structural cardiac abnormalities > Flashcards

Structural cardiac abnormalities Flashcards

1
Q

What are examples of valvular disease(4)

A

Aortic stenosis
Aortic regurgitation
Mitral stenosis
Mitral regurgitation

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2
Q

What does stenosis of valves mean

A

The valves do not open properly

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3
Q

What does valve regurgitation mean

A

the valves do not close properly

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4
Q

What are the types of aortic stenosis (3)

A

degenerative
Congenital
Rheumatic

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5
Q

What are the symptoms of aortic stenosis (3)

A

breathlessness
Chest pain
Dizziness/syncope

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6
Q

What are the signs of aortic stenosis (3)

A

low volume pulse
Forceful displaced apex
Ejection systolic murmur (may radiate to carotids)

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7
Q

What are the treatment options fro aortic stenosis (3)

A

conventional valve replacement
Trans-catheter aortic valve replacement (TAVI)
Balloon aortic valvotomy (BAV)

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8
Q

What are the causes of aortic regurgitations(5)

A

leaflets (valves)
- endocarditis
- connective tissue diseases
- rheumatic
Root
- marfan’s sydnrome
- aortic dissection

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9
Q

What are the symptoms of aortic regurgitation (2)

A

breathlessness
Angina

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10
Q

What are the signs of aortic regurgitation (3)

A

collapsing pulse
Displaced apex
Early diastolic murmur (heard at left sternal edge)

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11
Q

What treatment is used for aortic regurgitation (2)

A

ACE inhibitors
Valve replacement

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12
Q

What are the causes of mitral stenosis and which one is more common (2)

A

rheumatic (most common)
Congenital

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13
Q

What are the symptoms of mitral stenosis (3)

A

breathlessness
Fatigue
Palpitations

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14
Q
A
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15
Q

What are the types of valvular heart disease (4)

A

aortic stenosis
Aortic regurgitation
Mitral stenosis
Mitral regurgitation

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16
Q

What does valve stenosis mean

A

The valves do not open properly

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17
Q

What does valve regurgitation mean

A

the valves do not close properly

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18
Q

What are the types of aortic stenosis (3)

A

rheumatic
Degenerative
Congenital

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19
Q

What are the symptoms of aortic stenosis (3)

A

breathlessness
Chest pain
Dizziness/syncope

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20
Q

What are the signs of aortic stenosis (3)

A

low volume pulse
Forceful displaced apex
Ejections systolic murmur (may radiate to carotids)

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21
Q

What treatment is used for aortic stenosis (3)

A

Conventional valve replacement
Trans catheter aortic valve replacement (TAVI)
Balloon aortic valvotomy (BAV)

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22
Q

What are the causes of aortic regurgitation (5)

A

leaflets (valves)
- endocarditis
- connective tissue diseases
- rheumatic
Roots
- marfan’s syndrome
- aortic dissection

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23
Q

what are the symptoms of aortic regurgitation (2)

A

breathlessness
Angina

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24
Q

What are the signs of aortic regurgitation (3)

A

collapsing pulse
Displaced apex
Early diastolic murmur

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25
Q

What treatment is used for aortic regurgitation (2)

A

ACE inhibitors
Valve replacement

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26
Q

what are the causes of mitral stenosis and which is more common (2)

A

rheumatic (more common)
Congenital

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27
Q

What are the symptoms of mitral stenosis (3)

A

breathlessness
Fatigue
Palpitations

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28
Q

What are the signs of mitral stenosis (3)

A

malar flush
Tapping apex beat
Mid-diastolic rumbling

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29
Q

What treatment use used for mitral stenosis (4)

A

diuretics
Drugs to treat atrial fibrillation
Valve replacement
Balloon valvuloplasty

30
Q

What are the causes of mitral regurgitation (4)

A

Leaflets (rheumatic, endocarditis etc)
Chordae rupture
Papillary muscle rupture
Annular dilation

31
Q

What are the symptoms of mitral regurgitation (3)

A

breathlessness
Peripheral oedema
Fatigue

32
Q

What are the sings of mitral regurgitation (2)

A

displaced apex
Pan-systolic murmur

33
Q

What are the treatment options for mitral regurgitation (5)

A

diuretics
ACE inhibitors
Repair
Replacement
Percutaneous

34
Q

What treatment option is used for prolapse mitral regurgitation

A

Valve repair

35
Q

What treatment option is used for degenerative mitral regurgitation

A

valve replacement

36
Q

What are the types of prosthetic heart valves (2)

A

mechanical
Bio-prosthetic

37
Q

Describe mechanical prosthetic valves (3)

A

long-lasting
Require use of warfarin
Normally used for younger patients

38
Q

Describe bio-prosthetic valves (3)

A

Last ~10 years
don’t require use of warfarin
Used for older patients

39
Q

What are examples of non-ischaemic heart diseases (6)

A

Cardiomyopathy
Endo/myo/peri - carditis
Carcinoid heart disease
Tumours
Arrhythmias
Valvular disease

40
Q

What is cardiomyopathy (2)

A

any disease of cardiac muscle
Often results in changes in the size of the chambers and the thickness of the heart

41
Q

What are the types of cardiomyopathy (5)

A

dilated
Restrictive
Hypertrophic
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia
Amyloidosis

42
Q

Describe dilated cardiomyopathy (3)

A

the heart is 2-3 times the normal size
The heart is flabby and floppy
Hypertrophic changes

43
Q

What are the clinical features of dilated cardiomyopathy (3)

A

(general picture of heart failure)
Shortness of breath
Poor exercise tolerance
Low ejection fraction

44
Q

What are the causes of dilated cardiomyopathy (4)

A

genetics
Toxins
Infection
Childbirth

45
Q

Describe restrictive cardiomyopathy (4)

A

stiff heart
Lack of compliance
Does not fill well (diastolic dysfunction)
Bi-atrial dilatation due to back pressure

46
Q

What are the causes of restrictive cardiomyopathy (6)

A

Deposition
Metabolic byproducts
Amyloid
Sarcoidosis
Tumours
Radiation fibrosis

47
Q

Describe hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (3)

A

strong contraction
Diastolic dysfunction
Outflow obstruction (eventually)

48
Q

What is the cause of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

Genetic

49
Q

Describe Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia cardiomyopathy

A

the right ventricle is largely replaced by fat

50
Q

What are the clinical signs of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (2)

A

syncope
Arrhythmia

51
Q

What is the cause of arrhythmogenic right ventriclar dysplasia

A

genetics (autosomal dominant, low penetrance)

52
Q

What are the causes of myocarditis (4)

A

Infectious (all infectious agents)
Immune-mediated hypertensive reactions to drugs
“ “ to infections
Lupus

53
Q

What are the types of pericarditis (2)

A

serous (low protein content)
Suppurative

54
Q

What are the causes of pericarditis (5)

A

infection
Immune mediated
Connective tissue disorder (SLE)
Extension of inflammation after MI (Dressler’s syndrome)
Uraemia

55
Q

Describe what happens in Dressler’s syndrome (simple)

A

the damaged heart muscle from MI releases material (which is previously unencountered) that stimulates an immune response

56
Q

Describe infectious endocarditis (2)

A

aggregation of colonies of valves (vegetations)
These vegetations are friable and can cause emboli

57
Q

Describe non-infectious endocarditis (4)

A

multiple small, sterile vegetations
Vegetations do not destroy valves
Vegetations can cause embolic disease
Usually occurs during a hypercoagulable state

58
Q

What is non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis associate with (2)

A

cancer and sepsis

59
Q

What is carcinoid heart disease (2)

A

when neoplasms of neuroendocrine cells occur
Right sided cardiac valve disease

60
Q

What are the symptoms of carcinoid heart disease (4)

A

skin flushing
Nausea
Vomiting
Diarrhoea

61
Q

what are tumours of the myocardium called

A

Rhabdomyomas

62
Q

What are tumours of blood vessels called (2)

A

angiomas
Angiosarcomas

63
Q

What can myxoma cause (2)

A

valve obstruction
Myxoid emboli

64
Q

What are the symptoms of myxomas (2)

A

fever
Malaise

65
Q

Carney’s syndrome

A

multiple myxomas

66
Q

What are examples of types of inherited cardiac conditions (3)

A

cardiomyopathy
Channelopathy
Aortopathy

67
Q

What causes channelopathies

A

Mutations in genes which encode cardiac ion channels

68
Q

What are examples of channelopathies (2)

A

congenital long QT syndrome/cLQTS
Brugada syndrome

69
Q

What is

A
70
Q
A

Medicine year 1 (15 decks)

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