Pulmonary vascular disease Flashcards
What are the possible causes of pulmonary oedema (2)
Haemodynamics
Cellular injury (alveoli)
What is localised pulmonary oedema known as
Pneumonia
What is generalised pulmonary oedema known as
respiratory distress syndrome
Describe the pathogenesis of adult respiratory distress syndrome (5)
Injury
Fibrinous exudate lines alveolar walls
Cellular regeneration occurs
Inflammation occurs
Death/resolution/fibrosis occurs
Why does neonatal respiratory distress syndrome occur (3)
due to surfactant deficiency
Means that there is an increased effort to expand the lungs
Which causes physical damage to cells
What are the symptoms of pulmonary embolism (3)
severe chest pain (worse on deep breathing)
Breathlessness
Haemoptysis
what are the complications of pulmonary emboli (2)
Pulmonary infarction
Pulmonary hypertension
Describe pulmonary infarction (2)
occurs due to insufficient supply of oxygenated blood to the lungs
Can be due to bronchial artery supply being compromised
Describe pulmonary hypertension (2)
Due to a vessel being obstructed by emboli, blood is redistributed through smaller pulmonary vessels
This leads to increased pressure
What are the mechanisms by which pulmonary hypertension can occur (4)
hypoxia
Increased flow through pulmonary circulation
Blockage/loss of pulmonary vascular bed
Back pressure (left sided heart failure)
What morphological changes are associated with pulmonary hypertension (5)
medial Hypertrophy (arteries)
Intima thickening (fibrosis)
Atheroma
Right ventricle Hypertrophy
Plexogenic change/necrosis
What is cor pulmonale associated with (2)
right ventricular Hypertrophy and dilation
Right heart failure
What are the symptoms of pulmonary hypertension (4)
fatigue
Dyspnoea
Chest pain
Central cyanosis
What are the signs of pulmonary hypertension (5)
dependent oedema
Elevated JVP
Right ventricular heave (parasternal edge)
Tricuspid regurgitation murmur
Enlarged liver
What is pulmonary venous hypertension associated with (3)
left ventricular systolic dysfunction
Mitral regurgitation or stenosis
Cardiomyopathy
What is the most common cause of pulmonary hypertension
Left sided heart disease (left side of heart is unable to pump efficiently due to heart failure/valvular dysfunction)
What treatments are used in pulmonary hypertension (2)
Prophylactic anticoagulation- warfarin
Oxygen (if hypoxic)
