Respiratory anatomy Flashcards
What are the components of the upper respiratory tract (4)
nasal cavities
Oral cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
What are the components of the lower respiratory tract (4)
Trachea
Right and left main bronchus
Lobar bronchi
Segmental bronchi
What is a lung lobe
the area of lung that each lobar bronchi supplies with air
what is a bronchopulmonary segment
the area of lung lobe that each segmental bronchi supplies with air
What does each lung lobe and bronchopulmonary segment have (4)
blood supply
Air supply
Nerve supply
Lymphatic drainage
what structures are found in the lung root (6)
Main bronchus
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary veins
Lymphatics
Visceral afferents
Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves
What lines the bronchial tree
respiratory epithelium
Describe the mucocilliary escalator (2)
mucus glands secrete mucus onto epithelium
Cilia beat and sweep mucus (and any associated foreign bodies ) towards pharynx to be swallowed
What maintains the patency of airways
hyaline cartilage
Which parts of the respiratory tree do not contain any cartilage (2)
most distal bronchioles
Alveoli
What is the main component of bronchiole walls
smooth muscle
This allows them to constrict and dilate
What separates the nasal cavities
the nasal septum
What cartilages does the larynx consist of (4)
epiglottis is
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
2 arytenoid cartilages
Function of the larynx (2)
to prevent entry of forge in bodies into lower respiratory tract
To produce sound
What are the vocal ligaments involved in (2)
airway protection
Voice production
How is sound produced (2)
air is expired across vocal chords
Causing the vocal chords to vibrate
Which produces sound
How is air breathed in modified (2)
Coming into contact with walls:
moisture from mucus
Heat due to arterial blood supply for respiratory mucosa of nasal cavities
Where are tonsils found
within mucosa linking the pharynx
Role of tonsils
producing white blood cells as a defence against infection
What does the chest wall consist of (6)
skin
Fascia
Bones
Skeletal muscles
Diaphragm
Parietal pleura
What does the thoracic skeleton consist of
7 true ribs and 3 false ribs
What are the three types of joints found in the thoracic skeleton
sternocostal joints
Costochondral joints
Costovertebral joints
What skeletal muscles are found between ribs (3)
External intercostal muscles
Internal intercostal muscles
Innermost intercostal muscles
How does the chest wall expand during breathing
skeletal muscles pull adjacent ribs upwards and outwards
What is found between the internal and innermost intercostal muscle layers between ribs
a neurovascular bundle
What is the blood supply of an intercostal neurovascular bundle (2)
posterior
- thoracic aorta
- azygous vein
Anterior
- internal thoracic artery
- internal thoracic vein
Describe the diaphragm
a skeletal muscle with a central tendon
Why is the right dome of the diaphragm generally more superior than the left dome
Due to the presence of the liver
What does the muscular part of the diaphragm attach to (3)
sternum
Lower 6 ribs and costal cartilage
Vertebrae L1-L3
What supplies the (muscular) diaphragm
phrenic nerve
Describe the phrenic nerve
the combined anterior rami of cervical spinal nerves C3, C4, and C5
Where are the phrenic nerves found (2)
on the anterior surface of the scalenus anterior muscle
Descending over the lateral spaces of the heart
What is the function of phrenic nerves (2)
to supply the muscular diaphragm and fibrous pericardium with somatic sensory and sympathetic axons
To supply the muscular diaphragm with somatic motor axons
where does the larynx become the trachea
C6
Where can the trachea be palpated
jugular notch of the manubrium
Where is the isthmus of the thyroid gland
anterior to tracheal cartilages
What is the mechanism of inspiration (anatomy) (3)
diaphragm contracts and descends
Intercostal muscles contract and elevate the ribs
Elastic tissue of the lungs recoils
What lines are on the surface anatomy of the chest (5)
Costal margin
(Right and left) mid clavicles lines
Mid-eternal line
Axilla
(Mid, posterior, and anterior) axillary lines
What are the quadrants of the female breast
superolateral
Superomedial
Inferolateral
Inferomedial
Where does unilateral drainage from layer quadrants of breast occur
To axillary nodes
Where does bilateral drainage from medial quadrants of breast occur
to parasternal nodes
What is the costodiaphragmatic recess
The most inferior part of the pleural cavity when upright
The most inferior region of this recess is the costophrenic angle
what due abnormal fluid in the costodiaphragmatic recess cause (2)
blunting of angles
Fluid level
What are the auscultation points of lungs (3)
Middle lobe (ribs 4-6)
Lung apex (root of neck)
Lung base (T11)
