Respiratory anatomy

Question 1

What are the components of the upper respiratory tract (4)

Answer 1

nasal cavities
Oral cavity
Pharynx
Larynx

Question 2

What are the components of the lower respiratory tract (4)

Answer 2

Trachea
Right and left main bronchus
Lobar bronchi
Segmental bronchi

Question 3

What is a lung lobe

Answer 3

the area of lung that each lobar bronchi supplies with air

Question 4

what is a bronchopulmonary segment

Answer 4

the area of lung lobe that each segmental bronchi supplies with air

Question 5

What does each lung lobe and bronchopulmonary segment have (4)

Answer 5

blood supply
Air supply
Nerve supply
Lymphatic drainage

Question 6

what structures are found in the lung root (6)

Answer 6

Main bronchus
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary veins
Lymphatics
Visceral afferents
Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves

Question 7

What lines the bronchial tree

Answer 7

respiratory epithelium

Question 8

Describe the mucocilliary escalator (2)

Answer 8

mucus glands secrete mucus onto epithelium
Cilia beat and sweep mucus (and any associated foreign bodies ) towards pharynx to be swallowed

Question 9

What maintains the patency of airways

Answer 9

hyaline cartilage

Question 10

Which parts of the respiratory tree do not contain any cartilage (2)

Answer 10

most distal bronchioles
Alveoli

Question 11

What is the main component of bronchiole walls

Answer 11

smooth muscle
This allows them to constrict and dilate

Question 12

What separates the nasal cavities

Answer 12

the nasal septum

Question 13

What cartilages does the larynx consist of (4)

Answer 13

epiglottis is
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
2 arytenoid cartilages

Question 14

Function of the larynx (2)

Answer 14

to prevent entry of forge in bodies into lower respiratory tract
To produce sound

Question 15

What are the vocal ligaments involved in (2)

Answer 15

airway protection
Voice production

Question 16

How is sound produced (2)

Answer 16

air is expired across vocal chords
Causing the vocal chords to vibrate
Which produces sound

Question 17

How is air breathed in modified (2)

Answer 17

Coming into contact with walls:
moisture from mucus
Heat due to arterial blood supply for respiratory mucosa of nasal cavities

Question 18

Where are tonsils found

Answer 18

within mucosa linking the pharynx

Question 19

Role of tonsils

Answer 19

producing white blood cells as a defence against infection

Question 20

What does the chest wall consist of (6)

Answer 20

skin
Fascia
Bones
Skeletal muscles
Diaphragm
Parietal pleura

Question 21

What does the thoracic skeleton consist of

Answer 21

7 true ribs and 3 false ribs

Question 22

What are the three types of joints found in the thoracic skeleton

Answer 22

sternocostal joints
Costochondral joints
Costovertebral joints

Question 23

What skeletal muscles are found between ribs (3)

Answer 23

External intercostal muscles
Internal intercostal muscles
Innermost intercostal muscles

Question 24

How does the chest wall expand during breathing

Answer 24

skeletal muscles pull adjacent ribs upwards and outwards

Question 25

What is found between the internal and innermost intercostal muscle layers between ribs

Answer 25

a neurovascular bundle

Question 26

What is the blood supply of an intercostal neurovascular bundle (2)

Answer 26

posterior
- thoracic aorta
- azygous vein
Anterior
- internal thoracic artery
- internal thoracic vein

Question 27

Describe the diaphragm

Answer 27

a skeletal muscle with a central tendon

Question 28

Why is the right dome of the diaphragm generally more superior than the left dome

Answer 28

Due to the presence of the liver

Question 29

What does the muscular part of the diaphragm attach to (3)

Answer 29

sternum
Lower 6 ribs and costal cartilage
Vertebrae L1-L3

Question 30

What supplies the (muscular) diaphragm

Answer 30

phrenic nerve

Question 31

Describe the phrenic nerve

Answer 31

the combined anterior rami of cervical spinal nerves C3, C4, and C5

Question 32

Where are the phrenic nerves found (2)

Answer 32

on the anterior surface of the scalenus anterior muscle
Descending over the lateral spaces of the heart

Question 33

What is the function of phrenic nerves (2)

Answer 33

to supply the muscular diaphragm and fibrous pericardium with somatic sensory and sympathetic axons
To supply the muscular diaphragm with somatic motor axons

Question 34

where does the larynx become the trachea

Answer 34

C6

Question 35

Where can the trachea be palpated

Answer 35

jugular notch of the manubrium

Question 36

Where is the isthmus of the thyroid gland

Answer 36

anterior to tracheal cartilages

Question 37

What is the mechanism of inspiration (anatomy) (3)

Answer 37

diaphragm contracts and descends
Intercostal muscles contract and elevate the ribs
Elastic tissue of the lungs recoils

Question 38

What lines are on the surface anatomy of the chest (5)

Answer 38

Costal margin
(Right and left) mid clavicles lines
Mid-eternal line
Axilla
(Mid, posterior, and anterior) axillary lines

Question 39

What are the quadrants of the female breast

Answer 39

superolateral
Superomedial
Inferolateral
Inferomedial

Question 40

Where does unilateral drainage from layer quadrants of breast occur

Answer 40

To axillary nodes

Question 41

Where does bilateral drainage from medial quadrants of breast occur

Answer 41

to parasternal nodes

Question 42

What is the costodiaphragmatic recess

Answer 42

The most inferior part of the pleural cavity when upright
The most inferior region of this recess is the costophrenic angle

Question 43

what due abnormal fluid in the costodiaphragmatic recess cause (2)

Answer 43

blunting of angles
Fluid level

Question 44

What are the auscultation points of lungs (3)

Answer 44

Middle lobe (ribs 4-6)
Lung apex (root of neck)
Lung base (T11)