Respiratory practice questions Flashcards
Which structure is palpable with the jugular notch
trachea
Which structure indicates the level at which the lower respiratory tract begins
c6 vertebra
Which structure is the anatomical landmark for cardiopulmonary resuscitation
xiphoid process
Which structure of the lung root contains hyaline cartilage, and is surrounded by the arch of the azygous vein
right main bronchus
Which structure of the lung root carries oxygenated blood and is sited inferno posterior within the lung root
pulmonary vein
Which structure of the lung root carries deoxygenated blood and is sited Superomedially within the lung root
pulmonary artery
Which structure carries deoxygenated blood, drains into the superior vena cava, and arches round the right lung root
Azygous vein
Which structure arise from the anterior surface of the descending aorta
bronchial arteries
Which structure is surrounded by vessels, and may appear black on dissection
pulmonary lymph nodes
Where is the middle lobe of the lung auscultated
Between ribs 4 and 6
What is the surface marking of the lung apex
superior to the clavicle
Where is the lung base auscultated
t11 vertebra
What surface marking is associated with the site of the horizontal fissure
Right 4th rib
Which surface marking is associated with the level of the carina
rib 2
What surface marking is associated with the level of the oblique fissure posteriorly and anteriorly
Posterior: t3 vertebra
Anterior: rib 6
Which site is used in decompressing a tension pneumothorax
2nd intercostal space
Embryonic lung development
Stage of lung maturation that takes place between 26 days of and 6 weeks of gestation. Involves first stages of lung development as well as formation of the lung lobes and segments
Pseudoglandular development
The stage of lung maturation that takes place during weeks 6-16 of gestation. Involves development of multiple branches of the bronchial tree down to the level of the terminal bronchioles
Canalicular development
Stage of lung maturation between 16-28 weeks of gestation. Terminal bronchioles branch into respiratory bronchioles and finally into alveolar ducts
Which germ layer forms the lining of the trachea and bronchial tree
Endoderm
Which structure develops on the anterior foregut and is the first respiratory structure to develop
Respiratory diverticulum
Which structures are thoracic muscles involved in active expiration
Internal intercostals
Which structure is a major Inspiratory muscle in a sheet that contains crura
diaphragm
Which germ layer forms cartilage and smooth muscle in the thorax
visceral mesoderm
Saccules lung development
Stage of lung maturation occurring between 28-36 weeks of gestation. Involves formation of terminal sacs and capillaries coming into contact with alveoli, ready for gas exchange
Which structure developers by 28 days of gestation and is found inferior to the trachea
bronchial buds
Alveolar development
stage of lung maturation that takes place from 36 weeks of gestation that involves further maturation of the alveoli
Where is olfactory epithelium found
the roof of the nasal cavity
Where are cuboidal ciliated epithelium and non-ciliated Clara cells found
Terminal bronchioles
Where are pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium and goblet cells with hyaline cartilage rings and cartilage plates found
main bronchi
Where are pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with very few goblet cells found. (No cartilage). Lamina propria consist of smooth muscle and elastic and collagenous fibres
bronchioles
Where in the respiratory tree is non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium found
Oropharynx
where in the respiratory tree is keratinised stratified squamous epithelium found
nasal cavity
Which structure has pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, goblet cells, incomplete cartilage rings, basal lamina, laminitis propria (connective tissue, elastic fibres), and submucosa (loose connective tissue, subserous glands)
Trachea
Which structure has pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium and goblet cells covering cartilage and intrinsic muscles
the larynx (not including vocal folds)
Which structure has stratified squamous epithelium surrounded by respiratory epithelium
vocal folds
Which cell is mucus producing and found within respiratory epithelium
Goblet cell
Which cell is non-ciliated and found in terminal bronchioles + what are its actions (3)
Clara cell
Acts as immune modulator
Acts as a stem cell
Produces surfactant
Which cell is polygonal and releases surfactant from lamellar bodies within its cytoplasm
Type 2 pneumocyte
Which cell is phagocytic and migrates up the bronchial tree to eventually be swallowed
alveolar macrophage
Which cell makes up the majority of the lining of the terminal bronchioles
cuboidal epithelial cell
Which cell type is immunologically active and recruited to lungs in later stages of inflammation
lymphocyte
What are squamous epithelial cells found in the alveolar sac
type I pneumocytes
What is an example of an anti-inflammatory drug that can trigger bronchospasm
Oral ibuprofen
what maintains alveolar patency through elastic recoil of surrounding alveolar, preventing alveolar collapse
Alveolar interdependence
What helps the visceral and parietal pleura closely opposed and can be overcome by a pneumothorax
Transmural pressure gradient
What keeps the visceral and parietal pleura opposed but is dependent on water molecule polarity
Intrapleural fluid
What is pulmonary ventilation
volume of air breathed in and out per minute
What is alveolar ventilation
volume of air exchanged between atmosphere and alveoli per minute
What is alveolar dead space
alveoli which are well ventilated but not adequately perfused
What is anatomical dead space
the parts of the bronchial tree not available for airway exchange
Which factor most increases pulmonary ventilation
tidal volume
What is the Haldane effect
As oxygen is removed form haemoglobin, haemoglobin’s ability to pick up CO2 and CO2-generated hydrogen ions is increased
Henry’s law
the quantity of gas dissolved in a given type/volume of liquid at a constant temperature is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas in equilibrium with the liquid
