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Medicine year 1 > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What is a gamete

A

sperm or egg

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2
Q

When does an embryo exist

A

between 3 and eight weeks

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3
Q

When does a foetus exist

A

between 9-40 weeks

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4
Q

Teratogen

A

an agent that can cause abnormalities

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5
Q

what are example effects of teratogens (3)

A

malformations
Disruption
Deformation

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6
Q

Malformations (2)

A

complete/partial absence of a structure
Alterations in a structures normal configuration

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7
Q

Disruption (2)

A

alterations of already formed structures
Caused by destructive processes

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8
Q

Deformation

A

abnormal form due to mechanical factors over a prolonged period

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9
Q

What are the phases of embryogenesis (6)

A

gametogenesis
Fertilisation
Cleavage
Gastrulation
Morphogenetic
Organogenesis

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10
Q

Gametogenesis

A

formation of a gamete from primordial germ cells

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11
Q

Fertilisation

A

fusion of sperm and oocyte

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12
Q

Cleavage

A

rapid cell division with no increase in size

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13
Q

Gastrulation

A

establishment of three germ layers

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14
Q

What are the three germ layers

A

endoderm
Mesoderm
Ectoderm

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15
Q

Morphogenesis

A

Folding of cranial and lateral regions
Followed by folding of the caudal region

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16
Q

Major processes occurring during embryonic development (2)

A

primary and secondary

17
Q

Primary developmental processes (6)

A

division
Apoptosis
Differentiation
Attachment
Induction
Migration

18
Q

Secondary developmental processes (3)

A

polarity
Folding/rotation
Change in size and dimension

19
Q

Dorsal

A

posteriori

20
Q

Ventral

A

anterior

21
Q

Where does fertilisation take place

A

Ampulla

22
Q

Steps of fertilisation (5)

A

sperm binds with zona pellucida
Release of acrosomal enzymes
Sperm digests into egg
Membranes of sperm and egg fuse
Sperm entry triggers completion of meiosis 2

23
Q

Describe stages of human development

A

Zygote - blastomere - morula - blastocyst

24
Q

What are the components of a blastocyst (3)

A

blastocoele (cavity)
Embryoblast (inner cell mass)
Trophoblast (outer cell mass)

25
Q

Where does implantation normally occur

A

endometrium/uterus

26
Q

What is the first evidence of gastrulation

A

formation of the primitive streak

27
Q

Where is the primitive streak found d

A

Mid line of caudal region of embryo

28
Q

Notochord

A

cellular rod along longitudinal axis

29
Q

Why is the notochord important (3)

A

Support
Signalling
Becomes nucleus pulposus

30
Q

Derivatives of endoderm (3)

A

lining of gut
Lining of respiratory tract
Lining of bladder and urethra

31
Q

Derivatives of ectoderm (2)

A

hair, nails etc
Nervous system

32
Q

Derivatives of mesoderm (4)

A

Circulatory system
Lungs
Skeletal system
Muscular system

33
Q
A

Medicine year 1 (4 decks)

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