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Health Psychology > Stress2 > Flashcards

Stress2 Flashcards

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1
Q 
• Primary appraisal: 
How significant is this event?
– Positive, neutral, negative 
(harm, loss or challenge)
• Secondary appraisal: 
Do I have the resources to 
cope with it?
• Reappraisal
A

appraisal view of stress developed by Lazarus

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2
Q

Process of managing demands that are appraised as taxing/exceeding the person’s resources
• efforts are
–action-oriented or problem-focused
–intra-psychic or emotion-focused

A

Coping with Stress

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3
Q

– Doing something constructive about events that are appraised as negative (harmful, threatening, challenging)
– Change the source of the stress
• Example: Work-related problems

A

problem focused coping

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4
Q

– Regulating emotions that are experienced because of the stressful event
• Example: Health problems
– Some situations must simply be accepted
– Ruminating: negative recurrent thoughts
• Detrimental to health

A

emotion focused coping

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5
Q

• Social coping
– Seeking support and help from others
• Meaning-focused coping
– Often associated with positive well-being
• Proactive coping
– Anticipate problem and take steps to avoid it
– Ideal but can expend effort that isn’t necessary
• Religious coping

A

other strategies of coping

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6
Q

– Provides a belief system that lessens distress
– Enables people to find meaning in stressful events
– Provides a source of social support
Believe in God: 96%
– Pray: 80%
– Say religion is important in personal life: 71%
– Attend religious services at least once/month: 55%

A

Religion helps coping

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7
Q 
– Beneficial long term effects on immune functioning follow emotional disclosure
• Interventions employ written exercises to 
encourage emotional expression
• Interventions improved health among
– AIDS patients
– Breast cancer patients
– Asthma patients
– Rheumatoid arthritis patients
A

disclosure

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8
Q 
Active coping
• Planning
• Positive reframing
• Acceptance
• Humor
• Religion
• Using emotional 
support
• Using instrumental support
• Self-distraction
• Denial
• Venting
• Substance use
• Behavioral disengagement
• Self-blame
A

brief cope

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9
Q

• Microscopic view of coping is taken because
– Recent research questions whether general coping styles measured at trait level predict how people behave in specific situations
• Flexible copers cope especially well with stress
– Shift strategies with demands of a situation

A

Specific Coping Strategies

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10
Q
  1. To reduce harmful environmental conditions
    and enhance the prospects of recovery
  2. To tolerate or adjust to negative events or
    realities
  3. To maintain a positive self-image
  4. To maintain emotional equilibrium
  5. To continue satisfying relationships with others
A

Coping Efforts Center on 5 Tasks

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11
Q

coping is a dyname …

A

– A set of responses
– Not a one time action
– Transactions between person & environment

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12
Q

– Many actions/reactions to stressful
circumstances
– Emotional reactions are part of coping

A

Coping encompasses

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13
Q 
– Health and energy
– Positive belief
– Problem-solving skills
– Material resources
– Social skills
– Social support
A

lazarus and folkman coping resources

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14
Q

– General propensity to deal with stressful events in a particular way
• Avoidance vs. Confrontation

A

Coping Style

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15
Q

– Do you minimize or repress the stress?
– Do you gather information and take direct action?
– Avoidance is a minimizing style
– Confrontation is a vigilant style

A

Avoidance vs. Confrontation

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16
Q

– General expectations that outcomes will be positive
• Promotes active and persistent coping efforts
• Helps people use resources effectively
• Has clear health benefits
– Study with veterans - Linked to higher levels of pulmonary function in older men
– Better postsurgical quality of life and faster rate of recovery

A

Dispositional Optimism

17
Q

– Belief that one can determine one’s own behavior, influence one’s environment, and/or bring about desired outcomes
• Perceptions of control in work life and general
tasks of living
– Less likely to adopt health-compromising behaviors
– More likely to cope successfully with stress

A

Perceived control

18
Q 
• High Self Esteem
– Students became less upset in response to exam stress
– More robust findings at low levels of stress
• Conscientiousness 
– Correlated with living to an old age
– May practice good health behaviors
• Hardy personality
– Commitment, control, challenge 
– Hardiness contributes to resilience
• Cheerful people
– Die earlier (less careful)
A

Internal Resources:

Additional Coping Resources

19
Q

– Introverts
– High in neuroticism (emotional instability)
– Low mastery or self-efficacy
– Lacking social skills

A

• Poor Health associated with

20
Q

Personality Traits and Coping Styles are____

Resources

A

internal

21
Q 
– Time
– Money, standard of living
– Education, a decent job
– Absence of other life stressors 
– Presence of positive life events 
– Support from children, friends, family
A

External Resources

22
Q

– Being able to experience positive emotions even in the context of intensely stressful events
(posttraumatic growth)

A

Method of coping that resilient people draw from

23
Q 
• Information from others
– That one is loved and cared for
– Esteemed and valued
– Part of a network of communication
– And of mutual obligation
A

social support

24
Q

• Tangible assistance
– Providing material support, services, money, goods(Food for the bereaved)
• Informational support
– Providing knowledge(Explaining a medical procedure )
• Emotional support
–Providing reassurance, warmth, nurturance
• Invisible Support
– When one receives help from another, but is unaware
of it, that help is most likely to benefit the self
• Perceiving that one has support
– Helps provide the health benefits (physical and mental) of social support

A

types of social support

25
Q

• Feel guilty about using another’s time &
resources
• May threaten self-esteem because you feel
dependent on others
• Unsupportive others

A

Costs of Social Support

26
Q

• Acute stress paradigm
• The biologic responses to stress are subdued
when:
– A companion is present
– There is a belief that support is available
– Contemplating typical sources of support
– In the presence of a pet
• Calming effects are greater when they come
from a friend than a stranger

A

Effects onPhysiological/Neuroendocrine Response

27
Q

• Social support
– Lowers the likelihood of illness
– Speeds recovery from illness
– Reduces the risk of death from serious illness
• High quantity and high quality of relationships
– Associated with lower mortality rates
– High levels of social support associated with more
adherence to medical regimens
• Social influences may adversely affect health
– If the peer group engages in health-compromising
behaviors (smoking, alcohol)

A

Effects on Illness and Health Habits

28
Q

Social support is associated with better

adjustment to chronic diseases like:

A

– Herpes
– Myocardial infarctions
– Multiple sclerosis

29
Q

Biopsychosocial pathways

Social support has beneficial effects on ___,__,__

A

cardiovascular, endocrine,and immune system functioning

30
Q

• Social support moderates the effects of stress
on health and well-being
-Predominantly seen when social support is measured as perceived emotional support (more specific)

A

Stress Buffering Hypothesis

31
Q

• Negative events
– More stressful than positive events
• Exception: Among people who hold negative
views of themselves
– Positive life events have a detrimental effect on health
• People with high self-esteem
– Positive life events are linked to better health

A

Dimensions of Stressful Events

32
Q

More vulnerability to stress occurs in ___-life

domains than in one’s peripheral life domains

A

central

33
Q

whether ppl adapt to stress depends on …

A

type of stressor, subjective experience of stress, and which indicator of stress is considered

34
Q 
• Evidence for both 
– Habituation AND
– Chronic Strain
• Immune system compromised by long-term 
stress
A

Physiological Adaptation

35
Q 
• Decreases in performance
• Decreases in attention span
• Believed to be produced by residual
– Physiological
– Emotional
– Cognitive draining
A

Aftereffects of Stress

Health Psychology (16 decks)

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