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Stress1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Need to understand physiological systems in

order to understand

A

– Inter-related psychological, behavioral, & social pathways

– Health & illness outcomes

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2
Q

motor neurons (efferent) spllit into somatic and autonomic into ___ and ___

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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3
Q
  • Prepares body to respond to emergencies
  • Plays important role in reactions to stress
  • Concerned with the mobilization of energy
A

sympathetic nervous system

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4
Q

• Acts antagonistically with the
sympathetic nervous system
• Restores the body to a normal state

A

parasympathetic nervous system

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5
Q

– chemicals that regulate nervous system

functioning.

A

neurotransmitters

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6
Q

– epinephrine and norepinephrine
promote sympathetic nervous system activity.
– released in substantial quantities during stressful
times.

A

catecholamines

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7
Q

– Promotes parasympathetic nervous system

activity

A

acetylcholine

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8
Q

disorder of the nervous system affects 25 million americans and __% of deaths are from nervous system disorders

A

12

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9
Q
  • > 2.5 million in US
  • Symptoms include seizures that range from mild to severe
  • Can’t be cured only managed
A

epilepsy

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10
Q 
• Causes
– Idiopathic
– Injury
– Infectious disease (e.g., meningitis or encephalitis)
– Metabolic or nutritional disorders
– Genetic factors
A

epilepsy

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11
Q

• @ 764,000 children & adults in US
• Symptoms
– Lack of muscle control
– May have others symptoms like seizures, spasms,
MR, sensation & perception difficulties
• Chronic, but nonprogressive
• Cause
– Brain damage caused by accident or abuse

A

cerebral palsy

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12
Q 
• Progressive degeneration of the basal 
ganglia
• Symptoms
– Tremors, rigidity, slow movement
• Usually > 50 years old
• Men > women
• Cause
– Depletion of catecholamine neurotransmitter 
dopamine
A

parkinson’s disease

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13
Q

Embedded deep in the cerebrum
Helps make muscle contractions
orderly, smooth, & purposeful

A

basil ganglia

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14
Q 
• @ 400,000 in US
• Degenerative disease of brain tissue
• Symptoms
– Paralysis, blindness
– Numbess, double vision, dragging of feet, loss of bowel & bladder control, speech difficulties, 
extreme fatigue
• Can have “remission” periods and then rapid 
decline
• Cause
– Disintegration of myelin
– Autoimmune
A

multiple sclerosis

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15
Q

• 1 in 10,000
• Chronic physical and mental deterioration
• Symptoms
– Involuntary muscle spasms, loss of motor abilities,
personality changes
• Cause
– Hereditary (dominant gene)

A

huntington’s disease

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16
Q

• Symptoms
– Varying degrees of paralysis
• Cause
– Viral disease that attacks spinal nerves & destroys the cell bodies of motor neurons
– Impulses can’t be carried to periphery from brain
• Vaccination has decreased incidence

A

poliomyelitis

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17
Q

severance of spinal cord: paraplegia

A

paralysis of lower extremities(lower portion)

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18
Q

severance of spinal cord: quadriplegia

A

paralysis of all four extremities(upper portion)

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19
Q

which system :
• Complements nervous system in controlling
bodily activities.
• Made up of ductless glands that secrete
hormones into the blood.
• Governs slow-acting, long duration responses
• Regulated by hypothalamus and pituitary
gland.

A

endocrine system

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20
Q

“master gland”, produces hormones that influence secretions of the thyroid, pancreas adrenals, and gonads, ;also secretes growth hormones

A

pituitary

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21
Q

produces hormones that regulate metabolic rate

A

thyroid

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22
Q

control salt and carbohydrate metabolism; secrete hormones active in arousal and sleep

A

adrenal glands

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23
Q

produces insulin and glucogen to control sugar metabolism

A

pancreas

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24
Q

ovaries and testes produce hormones involved in development of secondary sex characeristics and reproduction

A

gonads

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25
Q

Endocrine Sys- external stimuli:light sound smell taste touch etc to sense organs to other brain centers and internalstimuli: temp/chemical changs (hormones) to ___

A

hypothalamus, pituitary to thyroid, adrenal cortex, gonads

26
Q 
– Hormones responsible for growth
– Somatotropic (STH)
– Gonadotropic
– Thyrotopic (TSH)
– Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH)
A

anterior lobe of pituitary gland

27
Q
  • oxytocin

- vasopressin or antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

posterior lobe of pituitary gland

28
Q

• Two small glands, top of each kidney
• Each gland composed of
– adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex
• Adrenal medulla produces epinephrine and
norepinephrine
• Adrenal cortex is stimulated by ACTH, a
hormone from the pituitary, and it releases
hormones called steroids

A

adrenal glands

29
Q
  • Third most common chronic disorder in U.S.
  • A leading cause of death in U.S
  • Body cannot manufacture/properly use insulin
A

diabetes mellitus(endoncrine sys)

30
Q

– insulin dependent (pancreatic beta cells don’t
produce enough insulin → ↑ circulating glucose)
– partly genetic
– believed to be autoimmune disorder

A

type 1 diabetes mellitus

31
Q

– tissue-wide insulin resistance → ↑ circulating
glucose
– lifestyle plays a major role
– especially obesity and stress

A

type 2 diabetes mellitus

32
Q

– Develops during pregnancy; usually temporary

– Risk factor for later Type II

A

gestational diabetes(diabetes mellitis)

33
Q 
– Thickening of the arteries, leading to high rates of coronary heart disease.
– Blindness
• leading cause of blindness in adults.
– Kidney failure
– Nervous system damage
• leading to pain and loss of sensation.
A

diabetes mellitus(endrocrine sys)

34
Q

• Excrete large amounts of diluted urine
• Large fluid intake
• Kidneys can’t concentrate urine
• Posterior lobe of pituitary doesn’t produce
enough ADH OR kidneys become insensitive
to ADH
• No elevated blood glucose
• Other symptoms similar to diabetes mellitus

A

diabetes insipidus

35
Q 
\_\_\_\_ is a negative emotional experience 
accompanied by predictable 
– Biochemical changes
– Physiological changes
– Cognitive changes, and
– Behavioral changes
.
A

Stress

36
Q

stressful events are called ___

-how the event is perceived substantially determines whether it is a ___

A

stressors

37
Q

Walter Cannon (1932) when an organism
perceives threat
• Fight: Aggressive response to stress
• Flight: Social withdrawal, withdrawal through
drugs, alcohol
• Adaptive: Allows quick response to threat
• Harmful: If unabated stress causes problems

A

– Release catecholamines (e.g., epinephrine &
norepinephrine)
• Sympathetic nervous system
• Adrenal medulla

38
Q

• NONSPECIFIC RESPONSE: The same pattern of physiological responding occurs, regardless of the
type of stressor:
– Organism confronts a stressor
– Mobilizes for action
– Regardless of the cause of the threat
– The same response occurs:
• Enlarged adrenal cortex, Shrinkage of thymus & lymph glands & other lymphatic structures,Ulceration of stomach & duodenum

A

Selye’s general adaptation syndrome

39
Q 
Three Phases in reacting to a stressor
• Alarm
– Body mobilized to meet threat 
• Resistance
– Continued exposure & efforts to cope
• Exhaustion
– Physiological resources are depleted
A

Selye’s general adaptation syndrome

40
Q

• Limited role given to psychological factors
– Appraisal is important
• Not all responses to stress are uniform
– Individual responses are influenced by personality,
perception, & biological constitution
• Stress is assessed as an outcome
– What about anticipation of a stressful occurrence?

A

criticisms of selye’s model

41
Q

– Developed a model of affiliative responses to stress (in addition to fight-or-flight)
– Humans respond to stress with social and nurturant behavior
• Females’ responses to stress evolved to care for self and for offspring
• Under stress, females are more likely to turn to others than are males
– Oxytocin, a stress hormone, may be significant in female stress
responses
– Animals and humans with high oxytocin levels show behaviors that are
• Calmer and more relaxed
• More social and maternal

A

taylor and colleagues

42
Q 
• Sufficient to meet 
demands: Little Stress, can be 
challenging! 
• Not sufficient to 
meet demands:Great deal of stress
A

personal resources of person environment fit

43
Q 
Primary appraisal process
• Is this event positive?
• Is this event neutral?
• Is this event negative?
– Has harm already been done?
– Is there a threat of future damage?
– How challenging is the event, that is, can I overcome 
it or even profit from it?
A

psychological appreaisal (theoretical contribu)

44
Q 
Secondary Appraisal
• Are my coping abilities and my resources 
enough to overcome the 
– Harm
– Threat
– Challenge
of this event?
Reappraisal
A

Subjective Experienceof Stress is a Balance

between Primary and Secondary Appraisal

45
Q

Some responses to stress are a conscious effort
to cope with the stress
• Cognitive responses to stress include beliefs
about
– What causes it
– Whether it can be controlled
• As well as how harmful or threatening it is

A

psychological appraisal

46
Q

• Self-reports of
– perceived stress, life change, emotional distress
• Behavioral measures
– task performance under stress
• Physiological measures
– heart rate, blood pressure, galvanic skin response, respiration rate
• Biochemical markers
– changes in catecholamines, cortisol, immune system
markers, telomere length
Multi-method approach is the best

A

assessing stress measures

47
Q 
• Subjective self-report
• General perceived stress
– Perceived Stress Scale
• Event specific perceived stress
– Impact of Event Scale
– Life Events
– Daily Hassles
• Psychological and physiological symptom 
checklists
– Symptom Checklist 90-R
– Brief Symptom Inventory
A

perceived stress and symptoms

48
Q

– Test-retest
– Paired-associate method (inter-rater reliability)
• Look at agreement or correspondence

A

reliability

49
Q

Content validity
• Does it accurately represent all of the possible life events?
– Criterion validity
• Does it correlate with other measurements of stress?
– Predictive validity
• Does it predict future illness?

A

validity

50
Q 
– People are taken into the laboratory
– Exposed to a short-term stressful event
• Counting backward by 7s
– The impact of the stress is observed
• Physiological responses
• Neuroendocrine responses
• Psychological responses
A

acute stress paradigm

51
Q

– Minor stressful events
• reduce psychological well-being over short term, produce physical symptoms
• Worsen symptoms in people already ill
– Physical environmental conditions
• Crowding, noise, pollution, fear of crime
– Psychosocial environmental conditions
• Community, discrimination, workplace, and family interactions

A

daily hassles(sources of stress)

52
Q

• “Sudden, unique, and powerful single life-events requiring major adaptive responses from
population groups sharing the experience”
• Exposure to an unintentional or intentional
traumatic event such as a disaster (e.g., the
World Trade Center attack, Hurricane Ike)
– May produce chronic mental/physical health effects
• Vicarious exposure can also be detrimental

A

cataclysmic events

53
Q

reactions include psychic numbing,reliving aspects of trauma, sleep distrubances

A

post traumatic stress disorder

54
Q

– Identified events that force people to make changes in their lives
• Positive and negative events; may tap into life strain/chronic stress; referent time frame
• Modest relationship with illness

A

life events

55
Q

stressful experience that is a usual but continiously stressful aspect of life

A

chronic strain

56
Q

• Chronic strain of long term kind
– Poverty, bad relationship, high stress job
• Lasting more than two years
– implicated in development of depression
• Chronic life stress may lead to exaggerated
sympathetic reactivity

A

chronic stressful conditions

57
Q

• Jobs that are high in demands but low in control

are tied to the development of ___

A

cardiovascular disease

58
Q
  • Physical hazards
  • Overload
  • Ambiguity and role conflict
  • Lack of amiable social environment
  • Lack of control over work
  • Unemployment
  • HIGH DEMAND and LOW CONTROL
A

stress in the workplace

59
Q 
1. Reduce physical stressors 
noise, crowding
2. Minimize unpredictability
3. Involve workers in decisions when possible
4. Add interest to jobs when possible
5. Promote social relationships
6. Focus on rewards, not punishments
7. Watch for early signs of stress
A

reducing occupational stress

60
Q

support and control are important with

A

combining work and family roles

Health Psychology (16 decks)

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