Stress1 Flashcards
Need to understand physiological systems in
order to understand
– Inter-related psychological, behavioral, & social pathways
– Health & illness outcomes
motor neurons (efferent) spllit into somatic and autonomic into ___ and ___
sympathetic and parasympathetic
- Prepares body to respond to emergencies
- Plays important role in reactions to stress
- Concerned with the mobilization of energy
sympathetic nervous system
• Acts antagonistically with the
sympathetic nervous system
• Restores the body to a normal state
parasympathetic nervous system
– chemicals that regulate nervous system
functioning.
neurotransmitters
– epinephrine and norepinephrine
promote sympathetic nervous system activity.
– released in substantial quantities during stressful
times.
catecholamines
– Promotes parasympathetic nervous system
activity
acetylcholine
disorder of the nervous system affects 25 million americans and __% of deaths are from nervous system disorders
12
- > 2.5 million in US
- Symptoms include seizures that range from mild to severe
- Can’t be cured only managed
epilepsy
• Causes – Idiopathic – Injury – Infectious disease (e.g., meningitis or encephalitis) – Metabolic or nutritional disorders – Genetic factors
epilepsy
• @ 764,000 children & adults in US
• Symptoms
– Lack of muscle control
– May have others symptoms like seizures, spasms,
MR, sensation & perception difficulties
• Chronic, but nonprogressive
• Cause
– Brain damage caused by accident or abuse
cerebral palsy
• Progressive degeneration of the basal ganglia • Symptoms – Tremors, rigidity, slow movement • Usually > 50 years old • Men > women • Cause – Depletion of catecholamine neurotransmitter dopamine
parkinson’s disease
Embedded deep in the cerebrum
Helps make muscle contractions
orderly, smooth, & purposeful
basil ganglia
• @ 400,000 in US • Degenerative disease of brain tissue • Symptoms – Paralysis, blindness – Numbess, double vision, dragging of feet, loss of bowel & bladder control, speech difficulties, extreme fatigue • Can have “remission” periods and then rapid decline • Cause – Disintegration of myelin – Autoimmune
multiple sclerosis
• 1 in 10,000
• Chronic physical and mental deterioration
• Symptoms
– Involuntary muscle spasms, loss of motor abilities,
personality changes
• Cause
– Hereditary (dominant gene)
huntington’s disease
• Symptoms
– Varying degrees of paralysis
• Cause
– Viral disease that attacks spinal nerves & destroys the cell bodies of motor neurons
– Impulses can’t be carried to periphery from brain
• Vaccination has decreased incidence
poliomyelitis
severance of spinal cord: paraplegia
paralysis of lower extremities(lower portion)
severance of spinal cord: quadriplegia
paralysis of all four extremities(upper portion)
which system :
• Complements nervous system in controlling
bodily activities.
• Made up of ductless glands that secrete
hormones into the blood.
• Governs slow-acting, long duration responses
• Regulated by hypothalamus and pituitary
gland.
endocrine system
“master gland”, produces hormones that influence secretions of the thyroid, pancreas adrenals, and gonads, ;also secretes growth hormones
pituitary
produces hormones that regulate metabolic rate
thyroid
control salt and carbohydrate metabolism; secrete hormones active in arousal and sleep
adrenal glands
produces insulin and glucogen to control sugar metabolism
pancreas
ovaries and testes produce hormones involved in development of secondary sex characeristics and reproduction
gonads
Endocrine Sys- external stimuli:light sound smell taste touch etc to sense organs to other brain centers and internalstimuli: temp/chemical changs (hormones) to ___
hypothalamus, pituitary to thyroid, adrenal cortex, gonads
– Hormones responsible for growth – Somatotropic (STH) – Gonadotropic – Thyrotopic (TSH) – Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH)
anterior lobe of pituitary gland
- oxytocin
- vasopressin or antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
posterior lobe of pituitary gland
• Two small glands, top of each kidney
• Each gland composed of
– adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex
• Adrenal medulla produces epinephrine and
norepinephrine
• Adrenal cortex is stimulated by ACTH, a
hormone from the pituitary, and it releases
hormones called steroids
adrenal glands
- Third most common chronic disorder in U.S.
- A leading cause of death in U.S
- Body cannot manufacture/properly use insulin
diabetes mellitus(endoncrine sys)
– insulin dependent (pancreatic beta cells don’t
produce enough insulin → ↑ circulating glucose)
– partly genetic
– believed to be autoimmune disorder
type 1 diabetes mellitus
– tissue-wide insulin resistance → ↑ circulating
glucose
– lifestyle plays a major role
– especially obesity and stress
type 2 diabetes mellitus
– Develops during pregnancy; usually temporary
– Risk factor for later Type II
gestational diabetes(diabetes mellitis)
– Thickening of the arteries, leading to high rates of coronary heart disease. – Blindness • leading cause of blindness in adults. – Kidney failure – Nervous system damage • leading to pain and loss of sensation.
diabetes mellitus(endrocrine sys)
• Excrete large amounts of diluted urine
• Large fluid intake
• Kidneys can’t concentrate urine
• Posterior lobe of pituitary doesn’t produce
enough ADH OR kidneys become insensitive
to ADH
• No elevated blood glucose
• Other symptoms similar to diabetes mellitus
diabetes insipidus
\_\_\_\_ is a negative emotional experience accompanied by predictable – Biochemical changes – Physiological changes – Cognitive changes, and – Behavioral changes .
Stress
stressful events are called ___
-how the event is perceived substantially determines whether it is a ___
stressors
Walter Cannon (1932) when an organism
perceives threat
• Fight: Aggressive response to stress
• Flight: Social withdrawal, withdrawal through
drugs, alcohol
• Adaptive: Allows quick response to threat
• Harmful: If unabated stress causes problems
– Release catecholamines (e.g., epinephrine &
norepinephrine)
• Sympathetic nervous system
• Adrenal medulla
• NONSPECIFIC RESPONSE: The same pattern of physiological responding occurs, regardless of the
type of stressor:
– Organism confronts a stressor
– Mobilizes for action
– Regardless of the cause of the threat
– The same response occurs:
• Enlarged adrenal cortex, Shrinkage of thymus & lymph glands & other lymphatic structures,Ulceration of stomach & duodenum
Selye’s general adaptation syndrome
Three Phases in reacting to a stressor • Alarm – Body mobilized to meet threat • Resistance – Continued exposure & efforts to cope • Exhaustion – Physiological resources are depleted
Selye’s general adaptation syndrome
• Limited role given to psychological factors
– Appraisal is important
• Not all responses to stress are uniform
– Individual responses are influenced by personality,
perception, & biological constitution
• Stress is assessed as an outcome
– What about anticipation of a stressful occurrence?
criticisms of selye’s model
– Developed a model of affiliative responses to stress (in addition to fight-or-flight)
– Humans respond to stress with social and nurturant behavior
• Females’ responses to stress evolved to care for self and for offspring
• Under stress, females are more likely to turn to others than are males
– Oxytocin, a stress hormone, may be significant in female stress
responses
– Animals and humans with high oxytocin levels show behaviors that are
• Calmer and more relaxed
• More social and maternal
taylor and colleagues
• Sufficient to meet demands: Little Stress, can be challenging! • Not sufficient to meet demands:Great deal of stress
personal resources of person environment fit
Primary appraisal process • Is this event positive? • Is this event neutral? • Is this event negative? – Has harm already been done? – Is there a threat of future damage? – How challenging is the event, that is, can I overcome it or even profit from it?
psychological appreaisal (theoretical contribu)
Secondary Appraisal • Are my coping abilities and my resources enough to overcome the – Harm – Threat – Challenge of this event? Reappraisal
Subjective Experienceof Stress is a Balance
between Primary and Secondary Appraisal
Some responses to stress are a conscious effort
to cope with the stress
• Cognitive responses to stress include beliefs
about
– What causes it
– Whether it can be controlled
• As well as how harmful or threatening it is
psychological appraisal
• Self-reports of
– perceived stress, life change, emotional distress
• Behavioral measures
– task performance under stress
• Physiological measures
– heart rate, blood pressure, galvanic skin response, respiration rate
• Biochemical markers
– changes in catecholamines, cortisol, immune system
markers, telomere length
Multi-method approach is the best
assessing stress measures
• Subjective self-report • General perceived stress – Perceived Stress Scale • Event specific perceived stress – Impact of Event Scale – Life Events – Daily Hassles • Psychological and physiological symptom checklists – Symptom Checklist 90-R – Brief Symptom Inventory
perceived stress and symptoms
– Test-retest
– Paired-associate method (inter-rater reliability)
• Look at agreement or correspondence
reliability
Content validity
• Does it accurately represent all of the possible life events?
– Criterion validity
• Does it correlate with other measurements of stress?
– Predictive validity
• Does it predict future illness?
validity
– People are taken into the laboratory – Exposed to a short-term stressful event • Counting backward by 7s – The impact of the stress is observed • Physiological responses • Neuroendocrine responses • Psychological responses
acute stress paradigm
– Minor stressful events
• reduce psychological well-being over short term, produce physical symptoms
• Worsen symptoms in people already ill
– Physical environmental conditions
• Crowding, noise, pollution, fear of crime
– Psychosocial environmental conditions
• Community, discrimination, workplace, and family interactions
daily hassles(sources of stress)
• “Sudden, unique, and powerful single life-events requiring major adaptive responses from
population groups sharing the experience”
• Exposure to an unintentional or intentional
traumatic event such as a disaster (e.g., the
World Trade Center attack, Hurricane Ike)
– May produce chronic mental/physical health effects
• Vicarious exposure can also be detrimental
cataclysmic events
reactions include psychic numbing,reliving aspects of trauma, sleep distrubances
post traumatic stress disorder
– Identified events that force people to make changes in their lives
• Positive and negative events; may tap into life strain/chronic stress; referent time frame
• Modest relationship with illness
life events
stressful experience that is a usual but continiously stressful aspect of life
chronic strain
• Chronic strain of long term kind
– Poverty, bad relationship, high stress job
• Lasting more than two years
– implicated in development of depression
• Chronic life stress may lead to exaggerated
sympathetic reactivity
chronic stressful conditions
• Jobs that are high in demands but low in control
are tied to the development of ___
cardiovascular disease
- Physical hazards
- Overload
- Ambiguity and role conflict
- Lack of amiable social environment
- Lack of control over work
- Unemployment
- HIGH DEMAND and LOW CONTROL
stress in the workplace
1. Reduce physical stressors noise, crowding 2. Minimize unpredictability 3. Involve workers in decisions when possible 4. Add interest to jobs when possible 5. Promote social relationships 6. Focus on rewards, not punishments 7. Watch for early signs of stress
reducing occupational stress
support and control are important with
combining work and family roles
