Health Psych 1 Flashcards
4 areas of focus in HP
- health promotion and maintenance
- prevention/treatment of ilness
- etiology and correlations of health, illness, and dysfunction
- improving healthcare system and formulating health policy
healthcare model that focuses on the system, fundamental assumption: health and illness are consequences of interplay of biological, psychological, and social factors
biopsychosocial model
healthcare model focus on illness,[dom for past 300 yrs] illness can be explained on basis of aberrant somatic processes/ psychological and social processes independent of disease
biomedical model
limitations include being a single factor model; mind body dualism; emphasis on illness over health; reductionism
biomedical model limitations
illness reduced to microlevel processes, such as chemical imbalances
reductionism
____ model shortcoming is that it cannot account for why all ppl with same somatic conditions develop disease/instead need to focus on interaction of multiple pathways
biomedical model shortcoming
advantages of biopsychosocial model
- microlevel processes
- macrolevel
- multiple factors
- mind and body canot be distinguished in matters of health and illness
- emphasis on both health and illness
clinical implications of the biopsychosocial model
- process of diagnosis/ recommendations for treatment must consider interaction of bio,psycho,and social factors
- relationship btwn patient and health care practitioner is important in the efectivness of care
summary of which model: health habits can be understood only within the patient’s psychological and social text.
biopsychosocial model
“The interdisciplinary field concerned with the
development and integration of behavioral and
biomedical science knowledge and techniques
relevant to health and illness and the application of
this knowledge and these techniques to prevention,
diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation”
behavioral medicine
The field of medicine that searches for psychological
or emotional causes for illness.
psychosomatic medicine
“was established to facilitate collaboration among psychologists and other health science and health care professionals interested in the psychological and behavioral aspects of physical and mental health”
division 38 of the APA mission statement
- Short-term medical illnesses
* Examples: tuberculosis, pneumonia
acute disorders
- Slow-developing diseases
- Often these cannot be cured, only managed
- Psychological/Social factors are often causes
chronice disorders
between ages 1- ___ yrs :
– #1 cause of death is accidents (40%)
– #2 cause of death is cancer (especially
leukemia)
15
aged 15 to __, death due to
– #1 unintentional injury (car accidents)
– #2 homicide
– #3 suicide
– #4 cancer
– Heart disease and AIDs account for the bulk of the
remaining mortality
24
young adults ages 18- ___
30
middle age: 30- __
60
young old adults: 61- __
85
old old
85+
elderly typically die of degenerative diseases:
– Cancer
– Stroke
– Heart failure
– General physical decline
Research method: Two or more conditions differ from
each other in exact and
predetermined ways; Random
assignment
experiments
Research method: Experiments to evaluate
treatments/interventions and
effectiveness over time
randomized clinical trials
Research method:Groups are naturally-occurring;
participants are grouped using a
subject or participant variable
quasiexperimental
features of what metthod?:
- participants not randomly assigned
- no control group
- classifed as field research
- cannot determine cause and effect but allows stronger conclusions than from correlational design
quasi experimental design
comparing changes in variables (cannot determine causuality)
correlational studies
method conducted at only one point in time
cross sectional designs
looking forward/ backward
prospective (longitudinal) / retrospective (case control)
statistical analysis of many research studies
meta analysis
– ½ the patients receive the experimental drug that is
supposed to cure the disease or alleviate the symptoms
– ½ the patients receive a placebo
– Neither the researcher nor the patient knows whether
the patient received the drug or the placebo (both are
“blind” to the procedure)
double blind experiment
– Participants don’t know to which experimental condition
they belong but the researcher does
– Often used in psychosocial intervention research
single blind experiment
Medical procedure producing an effect
– Because of its therapeutic intent
– And NOT because of its specific nature, whether
chemical or physical.
what a placebo is
An adverse effect from a placebo is called a
nocebo effect
people who show stronger placebo effects
– Have a high need for approval
– Have low self esteem
– Are externally-oriented toward the environment
– Are anxious
For a patient to show
a placebo response
– Patients must understand what the
treatment is supposed to do
– Patients must understand what they need to do
situational determinants with placebo effect are
medications, machines, uniforms/ shape, size, color, taste, quantity
– “a set of related assumptions that allow scientists to
use logical deductive reasoning to formulate testable
hypotheses”
theory
A rough theoretical framework
– Example: the various biopsychosocial models
model
Role of Theories and Models
- Generate research (descriptive and hypothesis
testing) - Organize and explain the observations derived
from research and make them intelligible - Serve as a guide to action, permitting the
prediction of behavior and suggesting
strategies to implement to change behavior
Self-report survey • Interview • Observation • Recording instrument • Biological assay
Research Tools:
Assessment Techniques
– The extent to which a measuring instrument yields consistent results
– Test-retest
• Compare scores on more than one occasion
– Inter-rater
• Compare ratings from two or more judges observing the same phenomenon
reliability
____ validity : does it appear superficially to measure what it is supposed to?
face
____ validity: does it actually measure the construct that it was designed to measure>?
construct
____ validity: does it sample the range of responses represented by the concept being tested?
content
___ validity: is the instrument distinct from other instruments?
discriminant
___ validity: does it correlate with other measures of the same construct?
criterion
___ validity: does the instrument predict a criterion? (diagnosis)
predictive
the study of the
– frequency
– distribution
– causes of infectious and noninfectious disease in a
population, based on an investigation of the
physical and social environment.
epidemiology
number of cases of a disease that exist at some given
point in time
morbidity
incidence=# of new cases at a given time
prevalence=total # of exisiting cases at given time
number of deaths due to a particular cause
mortality
• Sleeping 7-8 hours a night • Not smoking • Eating breakfast each day • Having no more than 1-2 alcoholic drinks each day • Getting regular exercise • No eating between meals • Being no more than 10% overweight
alameda health study’s healthy behaviors
engaging in more good health habits predicted :
– Fewer illnesses – Feeling better – Less disability – Lower mortality @9-12 years later • This is an example of risk factor identification
– A person’s chances of developing a disease or disorder independent of any risk that other people may have for that disease or disorder
aboslute risk
– The ratio of the incidence (prevalence) of a disease in an
exposed group to the incidence (prevalence) of that
disease in an unexposed group (which is always 1.00)
– Men who smoke are 23 times as likely to die of lung cancer
and 14 times as likely to die of laryngeal cancer than are
men who do not smoke.
relative risk
