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Health Psychology > Stress&Disease > Flashcards

Stress&Disease Flashcards

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1
Q

– Sources of vulnerability
• Genetics, appraisals, attributions, negative outlook, rumination, “kindling” by major life stress, type of stressor
(chronic stress, chronic illness)

A

depression

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2
Q

phobias, panic attacks, OCD

A

anxiety

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3
Q

• Sympathetic-adrenomedullary system
• Cannon’s “Fight-or-Flight” Response
• Sympathetic arousal stimulates
– medulla of the adrenal glands to secrete
catecholamines
(epinephrine and norepinephrine)
• Effects: blood pressure and heart rate increase,
constriction of peripheral blood vessels,
increased sweating

A

physiology of stress - SAM

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4
Q

• Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome
• Hypothalamus releases
– Corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF), stimulating pituitary to release ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
• ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to release
glucocorticoids, especially cortisol

A

Physiology of Stress - HPA Axis

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5
Q

• The surveillance system of the body:
Primary function
– Distinguish between what is “self” and what is foreign
– Attack and rid the body of foreign invaders
• Distinction between
– Innate Immunity (nonspecific immunity)
– Adaptive Immunity (specific immunity)

A

immune system

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6
Q

– Direct Transmission (e.g., genital herpes)
– Indirect Transmission (e.g., airborne influenza)
– Biological Transmission (e.g., mosquito & yellow
fever)
– Mechanical Transmission (e.g., hepatitis A; carrier)

A

invasion of microbe and their growth in the body 4 WAYS OF INFECTION:

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7
Q
  • Microbe must enter body
  • Number of organisms
  • Virulence of organisms
  • Toxigenicity of organisms
A

What Determines Infection?

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8
Q

• Incubation period
• Period of nonspecific symptoms
• Acute phase (disease is at its height)
– Fatality ORPeriod of decline during which invading organisms
are expelled
• Can have infection without symptom

A

course of infection (immune sys)

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9
Q 
– Localized
– Focal
– Systemic 
• Primary infections may lead to secondary 
infections
A

• Infections may be

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10
Q 
• Body’s resistance to injury from invading 
organisms
– Develops naturally or artificially
• Temporary natural immunity
– when breast fed
• Natural immunity 
– acquired through disease.
• Artificial immunity
– acquired through vaccinations/inoculations
A

immunity

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11
Q

– Drainage system of the body

– Spleen, tonsils, thymus gland are important organs

A

Lymphatic system’s role in immunity

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12
Q

– Absorb/remove/destroy foreign substances
(immune cells)
– Made up of granulocutes & agranulocytes
(including lymphocytes)

A

White blood cells (WBCs) or Leukocytes

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13
Q

– Contain hemoglobin

A

red blood cells (RBCs)

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14
Q

Clump together to block holes in vessels

– Important role in clotting

A

platelets

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15
Q

leukemia, leukopenia, and leukocytosis

A

Disorders Related to White Cell

Production

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16
Q

– Cancer of the bone marrow

– Excessive WBCs → ↓RBCs in plasma → anemia

A

leukemia

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17
Q

– Deficiency of WBCs

– Result of diseases such as tuberculosis, measles, & viral pneumonia

A

leukopenia

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18
Q

– Excessive number of WBCs

– Response to infections like leukemia, appendicitis, mononucleosis

A

leukocytosis

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19
Q

humoral mediated immunity, protect against bacteria, and prevent viral re-infection

A

B cells

20
Q

cell-mediated immunity, Tc cells respond to specific antigens, Th cells enhance the functioning of other white blood cells, Ts cells regulate teh immune response and supress

A

T cells

21
Q

– E.g., tonsillitis, infectious mononucleosis, lymphoma,
splenomegaly
• At one time thought to be acute problems ending
when their course had run
– Control thru hygiene may increase allergic disorders
– May trigger development of chronic disorders
• Ulcers, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s, chronic fatigue syndrome

A

Infectious Disorders

22
Q

– Rheumatoid arthritid, MS, cancer, athlersclerosis, asthma

A

chronic inflammation

23
Q

– a specific humoral or cell-mediated immune response that attacks the body’s own tissues.
– Women more likely to be affected
-ex. certain forms of arthiritis, multiple sclerosis, lupus erythematosis
• Viral or bacterial infection often precedes onset
• Stress may aggravate

A

Autoimmune disorders

24
Q

• Multidisciplinary field
• Focuses on interactions among
– Behavior
– Nervous system
– Endocrine system
– Immune system
• First studies focused on generalization and
classical conditioning of the immune system
– Artificial flowers; cyclosporine & saccharine

A

Psychoneuroimmunology

25
Q

– The degree to which the immune system functions effectively

A

Immunocompetence

26
Q
  1. Measuring numbers of different cells in the immune system by looking at blood samples
    • Example: Counting T, B, NK cells in the blood
  2. Assessing the functioning of immune cells
    • Activation, proliferation, transformation, and cytotoxicity of cells
  3. Measure antibody titres
    • Reactivation of latent viruses & vaccination
A

general indicators of immunocompetence

27
Q

– Indicators suggest that immune functioning
• Has been disrupted
• Has been reduced
• Immunocompromise relates to health outcomes
– Those under stress have lower levels of antibody titres after vaccination
– Psychological stress interferes with
• Healing of wounds(prolonged)

A

Immunocompromise

28
Q 
Sudden stress – changes in immune system 
take place quickly
• To repair wounds
• To prevent infections
• Fight-or-flight reactions
A

evolution stressor

29
Q

– Being called on in class
• Produces the increases in natural killer cells and large granular
lymphocytes (innate immunity)
• Decreases some measures of adaptive (specific) immunity

A

(short-term stressor)

30
Q

• Acute effects of increasing immune cell numbers and NK

cell activity

A

SNS

31
Q
  • Reduces the number of WBCs
  • Reduces functioning and release of cytokines
  • Trigger apoptosis of WBCs
A

• HPA & cortisol release

32
Q

• Down regulates immune system possibly through

neuropeptides like beta-endorphins

A

Cerebral cortex

33
Q

• Physiological changes in response to stress
– Usually don’t serve original purpose:
short term mobilization to fight or flee
• Excessive discharge of hormones causes health problems
– Example: prolonged cortisol secretion is related to
destruction of neurons in the hippocampus
• Long term stress
– Health consequences of HPA activation may be more significant than those of SAM activation

A

Physiology – Long Term Effects

34
Q 
• Decreases in cell-mediated immunity
• Elevated cortisol levels
• Lowered heart rate variability
• Elevated epinephrine levels
• High waist-to-hip ratio
• Decreased hippocampal volume
• Memory problems (associated with 
hippocampus)
• Elevated plasma fibrinogen (made by liver & 
helps clotting)
• Elevated blood pressure
A

Examples of Long Term Effects

35
Q 
• People differ in reactivity
• Reactivity
– Degree of change in
• Autonomic,Neuroendocrine,Immune responses
– As a result of stress
• Reactivity to stress can affect vulnerability to 
illness
• Length of recovery also important
A

Physiology – Individual Differences

36
Q

– Body’s physiological systems fluctuate to meet stressful

demands

A

Allostasis

37
Q

– Physiological costs of chronic exposure to fluctuating neural/neuroendocrine responses from repeated/chronic stress
• This wear and tear can lead to illness

A

Allostatic load

38
Q

– If a person has a pre-existing vulnerability
(physical or psychological), then stress may
interact with it to cause illness

A

Diathesis-stress model

39
Q

– Hamsters had inherited heart diseases
– Stress early in the disease process: no heart
failure
– Stress later in the disease process: precipitated
heart failure

A

Tapp and Natelson Study of Hamsters

40
Q

– Increased vulnerability to infectious diseases such as colds, flus, herpes virus infections like cold sores & genital herpes, chicken pox (Varicella-Zoster virus),
mononucleosis (Epstein-Barr virus)
– Among those already ill, stress predicts more severe illness and more cytokines
– Reactivation of latent viruses
– Onset and course of chronic diseases such as CHD,
diabetes, arthritis, autoimmune diseases
– Anticipatory stress

A

Stress-induced immunosuppression has been

associated with:

41
Q

– Bereavement (especially those who have become depressed)
– Loneliness
– Martial disruption and conflict
(including short-term conflicts)
– Providing care for a friend or family member with a long-term illness

A

psychoneuroimmun:stress and interpersonal relationships=Adverse changes in immunity are associated with

42
Q

– Lower levels of saliva IgA
– Lower percentages of B cells, total T cells, and TH cells
– Lower levels of natural killer cells
– High antibody titres to several viruses

A

Three Mile Island nuclear accident [longtermstress]

43
Q

• Social support buffers the effects of stress
• Optimism and active coping strategies are
protective
• Finding benefit&personal growth are
associated with better immune system functioning
• Self-Efficacy/Personal Control are associated with less immunocompromise under stress

A

coping resources

44
Q
  • may reduce experience of stress itself
  • may reduce tendency to develop depression
  • may create some expectancy based central nervous sys modulation of immunologic reactivity
A

self efficacy and personal control

45
Q

• Emotional disclosure
– Enhances health and mood in people who have suffered a traumatic event
– Results may be immunologically mediated
• Relaxation may mute effects of stress
– Research with elderly shows higher NK cell activity after relaxation intervention

A

interventions to enhance immunocompetence

46
Q

The developing immune system may be

vulnerable to

A

– Stress
– Depression
– Grief

Health Psychology (16 decks)

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