Health Psych2 Flashcards
The process of physical damage within the body that
can exist even in the absence of a label or diagnosis
disease
– The experience of being sick and having been
diagnosed as being sick
illness
ppl can have a disease and not be illl
Behavior by people who experience symptoms but
before a diagnosis
illness behavior
Behavior after a diagnosis from a health care provider
or a self-diagnosis
sick role behavior
– Outward
• Symptoms less likely to be noticed
– Inward
• Symptoms more likely to be noticed
transitory situation factors that influence the direction one’s ATTENTION
– Those in a positive mood
• Rate themselves as more healthy
• Report fewer illness-related memories
• Report fewer symptoms
– Those in a negative mood
• Report more symptoms
• Are pessimistic about relief from symptoms
• Perceive themselves as more vulnerable to future illness
illness behavior:personal factor
Disposition to experience strong emotional reactions
and to report high levels of symptoms
neurocticism
– General expectation that outcomes will be positive
– Promotes active and persistent coping efforts
– Helps people use resources effectively
– Has clear health benefits
dispositional optimism
- women seek healthcaremore frequently
- pregnany/childbirth account
- more sensitive to bodily disruptions
- not be subject to social norms to ignore pain
- men tend to only report major probs
- men take on more health risks (alcohol)
illness behavior: gender
more likely to seek health care based on symptom:
- visibility
- perceived severity
- interference with life
- frequency and persistence
– Organized conceptions of illness
– Acquired through the media, personal experience,
family and friends
illness schemas
influences:
– Preventive health behaviors
– Reaction to symptoms
– Adherence to treatment recommendations
– Expectations for future health
- identity of the disease(minor/serious)
- timeline of disease and treatments
- cause of disease
- consequences of disease
- controllability of the disease and treatment
Five Components in the
Conceptualization of Disease
– Behavior of people who believe that they are ill for the
purpose of getting well
sick role (kasl &cobb)
3 rights and privileges of ___ ____
– Make decisions concerning health-related issues
– Be exempt from normal duties
– Become dependent on others for assistance
sick role
3 duties and responsibilites of sick role
- maintain health and to get well
- perform routine health care management
- use a range of health care resources
informal network of family and friends who offer and interpretation of symptoms is
lay referral network
1 in __ american adults may use unconventional therapy in coursre of a yr
3
[massage, homeopath, herbal, imager, energy healing hypnosis acupunture]
____ disorders are perceived as more legitimate than psychological ones
medical
– Concerned about physical and mental health
– Perceive minor symptoms as serious
– Believe in taking care of their own health
– BUT: Use health services more than other
individuals
the Worried Well
Secondary gains are benefits that an illness brings
– Ability to rest
– Freedom from unpleasant tasks
– Care of one’s needs by others
– Time off from work
secondary gains can be reinforcing and interfere with return to good health
The time between recognition of a
symptom and obtaining treatment
– An individual is aware of the need to seek treatment
but puts off doing so
delay
_____ delay:The time it takes a person to
decide that a symptom is serious
appraisal
____ delay: time btwn recognizing that symptom implies an illness and the decision to seek treatment
illness
___ delay: time btwn deciding to seek treatment and actually doin so
behavioral delay
___ delay: time btwn making an appointment and receiving appropriate care
medical delay
factors with delay behavior are
• Major factor: Perceived expense of treatment
• Limited access to health care (disparities)
• Delay is more common
– In people with no regular contact with a physician
– When symptoms resemble past symptoms that have
proven to be minor
– If the primary symptom is atypical
• Treatment delay occurs when, after a
consultation, patients delay further action
provider delay is 15% of all delay behavior aka ___
medical delay
– Usually an honest mistake: providers rule out
common causes of symptoms rather than ordering
invasive tests
– Can be caused by malpractice
– More likely when patient deviates from average profile
of person with a given disease
– Managed Care: An agreed-on monthly rate is paid and
the employee uses services
health maintenance organzations (HMOs)
– A network of doctors offers discounted rates
preferred provider organizations (PPOs)
______Hospitals have two lines of authority:
medical line, administrative line
– Nurses are part of both lines of authority and
conflicting requirements sometimes occur
private
– Participate in diagnosis through testing
– Help in therapeutic interventions
– Are involved in pre- and post-surgery prep
– Help with pain control and compliance issues
– Diagnose and treat psychological problems
complicating patient care
psychologists
Irving Janis’s Study: “Work of Worrying”
patients must work thru fears about surgery before adjusting to it
– Patients who are carefully prepared for surgery and its
aftereffects will show good postoperative adjustment
contemporary view
Successful interventions to help people cope with
these procedures include:
- providing info
- relaxation techniques
- cognitive behavioral interventions
– Their research suggests that, among individuals
about to go through surgery:
• Placing in bed with a roommate who had just undergone
surgery benefited the patient. – They were less anxious after
surgery and were released more quickly.
• Type of surgery that the roommate had didn’t make a
difference
kulik and mahler (1987)
age that :
• May be anxious because they want to be with their family or
they feel rejected by their family
• May develop new fears (of the dark, of staff)
• May convert anxiety into bodily symptoms
young children (under 6 yrs)
• May have more free floating anxiety that is not tied to any
particular issue
• May become irritable and distractible
older children (6-10 yrs)
- May be embarrassed
- May be ashamed about exposing themselves to strangers
children juust entering puberty
Children about to undergo surgery benefit from
films portraying children hospitalized for surgery
(modeling)
– Older children benefit when the film is viewed several
days in advance
– Younger children need exposure immediately before
the relevant event
• Engage children in activities that distract them
from the procedure
• Even very young children should be told
something about their treatment and be given a
chance to express emotions
