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Pathophysiology > Stress Response > Flashcards

Stress Response Flashcards

1
Q

What is stress?

A

A condition in which a demand (stressor) exceeds a person’s coping abilities

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2
Q

What are the three different stress factors?

A

The person, the stressor and the environment.

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3
Q

Examples of situational stress factors

A

Poor social support
Exposure to safety hazards
Recent LIfe changes (death, family separation, retirement, etc.)

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4
Q

Examples of environmental stress factors

A

Physical work environment

Exposure to chemicals, dust, pathogens, rotating shift work

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5
Q

Examples of psychological stress factors

A

Type A agressive, hostile personality
lack of faith, spirituality
relationship or work conflict
history of abuse

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6
Q

Example of physical stress factors

A

Sleep disturbances
Chemical or biological trigger
Medical events, changes in personal health
No exercise/lack of exercise

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7
Q

What are some different factors that will influence how you react to stress?

A

Age, social support gender (woman more affected than men), early stressful life events, negative life events

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8
Q

What is the chain of activation of the stress response?

A

Stressor–>cerebral arousal–>Activation of limbic system–>activation of hypothalamus

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9
Q

What purpose does the hypothalamus “serve”?

A

It links the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland.

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10
Q

What are the immediate effects of hypothalamus activation?

A

SNS stimulation–>release of catecholamines

–>stimulation of renal medulla–>release of epinephrine and norepinephrine

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11
Q

What are the Effects of Catacholamines, epinephrine/norepinephrine on the Brain

A

Increased blood flow, increased glucose metabolism.

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12
Q

What are the Effects of Catacholamines, epinephrine/norepinephrine on the CV system

A

Increased rate and force of contraction, peripheral vasoconstriction

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13
Q

What are the Effects of Catacholamines, epinephrine/norepinephrine on the pulmonary system?

A

Bronchodialation, increased ventilation.

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14
Q

What are the Effects of Catacholamines, epinephrine/norepinephrine on the Muscular system?

A

Increased Glycogenolysis, increased dialation of skeletal muscle vasculature.

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15
Q

`What are the Effects of Catacholamines, epinephrine/norepinephrine on the liver?

A

Increased glucose production, decreased glycogen synthesis

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16
Q

What are the Effects of Catacholamines, epinephrine/norepinephrine on the adipose tissue?

A

Increased lypolysis

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17
Q

What is glycogenolysis?

A

Catobolism of glycogen

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18
Q

What are some effects on the body during an acute stress response?

A

Redirection of blood from gut to muscles and brain
Dilation of pupils
Contraction of spleen
Increased sweat production

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19
Q

What happens during a sustained stress response?

A

Corticotropin-releasing factor–>stimulation of pituitary gland–> Release of ATCH, thyroxine and Vasopressin–>ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex–>release of Glucocorticoids and Mineralocorticoids.

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20
Q

What effect does Thyroxine have on the body?

A

Increases metabolic rate

21
Q

What effect does vasopressin have on the body?

A

Antidiuretic, retains H2O–> increases blood pressure

22
Q

What effect do mineralocorticoids have on the body?

A

regulate kidneys to increase BP and blood volume

23
Q

What effect do glucocorticoids have on the body?

A

Simulate creation and release of glucose

24
Q

Where is ATCH produced?

A

anterior pituitary gland

25
Q

What is the function of ACTH?

A

Stimulates cortisol secretion

26
Q

What are the effects of cortisol on carbohydrate metabolism?

A

diminishes peripheral uptake and utilization of glucose, increased blood sugar

27
Q

What are the effects of cortisol on protein metabolism?

A

Depresses protein synthesis (including immunoglobin synthesis in muscles)

28
Q

What are the effects of cortisol on inflammation?

A

decreases accumulation of leukocytes at site of inflammation, delays healing

29
Q

What are the effects of cortisol on lipid metabolism?

A

lipolysis in extremities, lipogenesis in face and trunk.

30
Q

What are the effects of cortisol on the immune system?

A

Suppresses the immune system

31
Q

What are the effects of cortisol on bone?

A

decreases bone formation

32
Q

What are the effects of cortisol on the vascular system?

A

Increases blood pressure

33
Q

What are some symptoms of stress?

A 
Hypertension
chest pain
headache
Myalgia, arthralgia, fibromyalgia
Allergic responses
GI symptoms
Depression, anxiety panic attacks
Discouragement, boredom
Eating disorder
Prolonged fatigue
poor work or school performance
sleep disturbance
34
Q

What evidence is there for a direct link betwn stress events and illness?

A

Only link at this point is btwn Type A aggressive behavior and CV disease

35
Q

What are some stress related conditions associated with the CVs system?

A

Hypertension, Coronary artery disease

36
Q

What are some stress related conditions associated with connective tissue?

A

Inflammation, Rheumatoid arthritis

37
Q

What are some stress related conditions associated with the GI system?

A

Diarrhea, IBS, ulcer, impotence, diuresis

38
Q

What are some stress related conditions associated with the integument?

A

Eczema, acne

39
Q

What are some stress related conditions associated with the endocrine system?

A

DM, amenorrhea (absence of menstruation)

40
Q

What are some stress related conditions associated with the CNS?

A

Fatigue, depression, insomnia, substance abuse

41
Q

What are some stress related conditions associated with the pulmonary system?

A

hypersensitive reactions (asthema)

42
Q

What are some stress related conditions associated with the muscular system?

A

unconscious muscular contraction, tension headache

43
Q

What are some stress related conditions associated with the immune response?

A

Immunosupression

44
Q

What are the three phases of general adaptation syndrome?

A

Alarm phase, resistance or adaptation, and exhaustion

45
Q

What happens in the alarm phase?

A

it is a protective autonomic response that subsides when the stressor is removed

46
Q

What happens in the resistance or adaptation phase?

A

Occurs when stressor is not removed and there is a need for long term protection.
Blood sugar and corticosteroid production is increased
Can lead to disease due to fatigue, concentration lapses, irritability and lethargy

47
Q

What happens during the exhaustion phase?

A

no further reserves of body energy, immunity leading to risk of organ damage

48
Q

What are some symptoms of PTSD?

A

Intrusion (re-experiencing traumatic event)
Avoidance (decreased responsiveness)
Arousal (hyperarousal state)
Variety of autonomic, dysphoric or cognitive symptoms

49
Q

What type of onset does PTSD have?

A

A delayed onset, usually more than 6 months

Pathophysiology (15 decks)

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