Stress Response

Question 1

What is stress?

Answer 1

A condition in which a demand (stressor) exceeds a person’s coping abilities

Question 2

What are the three different stress factors?

Answer 2

The person, the stressor and the environment.

Question 3

Examples of situational stress factors

Answer 3

Poor social support
Exposure to safety hazards
Recent LIfe changes (death, family separation, retirement, etc.)

Question 4

Examples of environmental stress factors

Answer 4

Physical work environment

Exposure to chemicals, dust, pathogens, rotating shift work

Question 5

Examples of psychological stress factors

Answer 5

Type A agressive, hostile personality
lack of faith, spirituality
relationship or work conflict
history of abuse

Question 6

Example of physical stress factors

Answer 6

Sleep disturbances
Chemical or biological trigger
Medical events, changes in personal health
No exercise/lack of exercise

Question 7

What are some different factors that will influence how you react to stress?

Answer 7

Age, social support gender (woman more affected than men), early stressful life events, negative life events

Question 8

What is the chain of activation of the stress response?

Answer 8

Stressor–>cerebral arousal–>Activation of limbic system–>activation of hypothalamus

Question 9

What purpose does the hypothalamus “serve”?

Answer 9

It links the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland.

Question 10

What are the immediate effects of hypothalamus activation?

Answer 10

SNS stimulation–>release of catecholamines

–>stimulation of renal medulla–>release of epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 11

What are the Effects of Catacholamines, epinephrine/norepinephrine on the Brain

Answer 11

Increased blood flow, increased glucose metabolism.

Question 12

What are the Effects of Catacholamines, epinephrine/norepinephrine on the CV system

Answer 12

Increased rate and force of contraction, peripheral vasoconstriction

Question 13

What are the Effects of Catacholamines, epinephrine/norepinephrine on the pulmonary system?

Answer 13

Bronchodialation, increased ventilation.

Question 14

What are the Effects of Catacholamines, epinephrine/norepinephrine on the Muscular system?

Answer 14

Increased Glycogenolysis, increased dialation of skeletal muscle vasculature.

Question 15

`What are the Effects of Catacholamines, epinephrine/norepinephrine on the liver?

Answer 15

Increased glucose production, decreased glycogen synthesis

Question 16

What are the Effects of Catacholamines, epinephrine/norepinephrine on the adipose tissue?

Answer 16

Increased lypolysis

Question 17

What is glycogenolysis?

Answer 17

Catobolism of glycogen

Question 18

What are some effects on the body during an acute stress response?

Answer 18

Redirection of blood from gut to muscles and brain
Dilation of pupils
Contraction of spleen
Increased sweat production

Question 19

What happens during a sustained stress response?

Answer 19

Corticotropin-releasing factor–>stimulation of pituitary gland–> Release of ATCH, thyroxine and Vasopressin–>ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex–>release of Glucocorticoids and Mineralocorticoids.

Question 20

What effect does Thyroxine have on the body?

Answer 20

Increases metabolic rate

Question 21

What effect does vasopressin have on the body?

Answer 21

Antidiuretic, retains H2O–> increases blood pressure

Question 22

What effect do mineralocorticoids have on the body?

Answer 22

regulate kidneys to increase BP and blood volume

Question 23

What effect do glucocorticoids have on the body?

Answer 23

Simulate creation and release of glucose

Question 24

Where is ATCH produced?

Answer 24

anterior pituitary gland

Question 25

What is the function of ACTH?

Answer 25

Stimulates cortisol secretion

Question 26

What are the effects of cortisol on carbohydrate metabolism?

Answer 26

diminishes peripheral uptake and utilization of glucose, increased blood sugar

Question 27

What are the effects of cortisol on protein metabolism?

Answer 27

Depresses protein synthesis (including immunoglobin synthesis in muscles)

Question 28

What are the effects of cortisol on inflammation?

Answer 28

decreases accumulation of leukocytes at site of inflammation, delays healing

Question 29

What are the effects of cortisol on lipid metabolism?

Answer 29

lipolysis in extremities, lipogenesis in face and trunk.

Question 30

What are the effects of cortisol on the immune system?

Answer 30

Suppresses the immune system

Question 31

What are the effects of cortisol on bone?

Answer 31

decreases bone formation

Question 32

What are the effects of cortisol on the vascular system?

Answer 32

Increases blood pressure

Question 33

What are some symptoms of stress?

Answer 33

``` Hypertension chest pain headache Myalgia, arthralgia, fibromyalgia Allergic responses GI symptoms Depression, anxiety panic attacks Discouragement, boredom Eating disorder Prolonged fatigue poor work or school performance sleep disturbance ```

Question 34

What evidence is there for a direct link betwn stress events and illness?

Answer 34

Only link at this point is btwn Type A aggressive behavior and CV disease

Question 35

What are some stress related conditions associated with the CVs system?

Answer 35

Hypertension, Coronary artery disease

Question 36

What are some stress related conditions associated with connective tissue?

Answer 36

Inflammation, Rheumatoid arthritis

Question 37

What are some stress related conditions associated with the GI system?

Answer 37

Diarrhea, IBS, ulcer, impotence, diuresis

Question 38

What are some stress related conditions associated with the integument?

Answer 38

Eczema, acne

Question 39

What are some stress related conditions associated with the endocrine system?

Answer 39

DM, amenorrhea (absence of menstruation)

Question 40

What are some stress related conditions associated with the CNS?

Answer 40

Fatigue, depression, insomnia, substance abuse

Question 41

What are some stress related conditions associated with the pulmonary system?

Answer 41

hypersensitive reactions (asthema)

Question 42

What are some stress related conditions associated with the muscular system?

Answer 42

unconscious muscular contraction, tension headache

Question 43

What are some stress related conditions associated with the immune response?

Answer 43

Immunosupression

Question 44

What are the three phases of general adaptation syndrome?

Answer 44

Alarm phase, resistance or adaptation, and exhaustion

Question 45

What happens in the alarm phase?

Answer 45

it is a protective autonomic response that subsides when the stressor is removed

Question 46

What happens in the resistance or adaptation phase?

Answer 46

Occurs when stressor is not removed and there is a need for long term protection. Blood sugar and corticosteroid production is increased Can lead to disease due to fatigue, concentration lapses, irritability and lethargy

Question 47

What happens during the exhaustion phase?

Answer 47

no further reserves of body energy, immunity leading to risk of organ damage

Question 48

What are some symptoms of PTSD?

Answer 48

Intrusion (re-experiencing traumatic event) Avoidance (decreased responsiveness) Arousal (hyperarousal state) Variety of autonomic, dysphoric or cognitive symptoms

Question 49

What type of onset does PTSD have?

Answer 49

A delayed onset, usually more than 6 months