Oncology Flashcards
What type of cancer is responsible for the greatest number of deaths in men and women?
Lung and Bronchus
Which cancer will have the most new cases in men in 2013?
Prostate cancer
Which cancer will have the most new cases in women in 2013?
Breast cancer
What is a primary tumor?
arises from cells that are normally local to the given structure.
What is a secondary tumor?
Arises from cells that have metastasized from other parts of the body.
What is a benign neoplasm?
New growth that is usually harmless, doesn’t spread
What is a malignant neoplasm?
New growth that is harmful and usually spreads.
What is the somatic mutation theory?
neoplasm arises from a single cell that with a genetic change. A chromosomal aberration creates tumor cell proliferation due to addition, deletion, translocation or inversion of part or an entire chromosome.
Why is tumor staging important?
Gives info about potential for metastasis
What are some non-modifiable risk factors for cancer?
Age (>50), family history (1st gen), Previous history of CA, Ethnicity, skin color, gender, heredity, Age of menopause, inflammatory bowel dz, fat distribution patterns, congenital dz
What are some modifiable risk factors for CA?
smoking, chemical exposure, urban dwelling, ETOH (>1-2 drinks/day), Sedentary lifestyle, obesity, insulin resistance, estrogen replacement, STD’s, organ transplant, chronic exposure to UV, geographic location, lack of access to or use of healthcare.
What does CAUTIONS relate to for early warning signs of cancer?
Changes in bowel or bladder habbits A sore that doesn't heal in 6 wks Unusual bleeding or discharge Thickening or limp in breast, elsewhere Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing Obvious change in wart or mole Nagging cough or hoarseness Supplemental signs and symptoms (rapid unintentional weight loss, changes in vital signs, freq. infection, night pain, pathologic fracture, proximal muscle weakness, changes in DTR)
What are some early warning signs for PT’s?
Night pain that cant be reproduced with testing Proximal muscle weakness Changes in vital signs Changes in DTR pathologic fracture rapid, unintentional weight loss
What are the ABC(DE)’s of early melanoma signs?
A-assymetry, 1/2 doesn't look like other B-border, irregular, poorly defined C-color,shades of brown, red, white D-diameter, larger than a pencil eraser E-Elevation, raised above surface of skin, uneven
What are some general systemic effects of Cancer?
Nausea, vomiting, anorexia, fever without infection, depression and/or anxiety
What is the occurrence of pain in cancer patients?
50-70% of early stage pts experience pain while 60-90% of late stage pts experience pain.
What are the different factors that cause pain in cancer patients?
Nerve infiltration or compression (sharp stabbing pain)
Ischemic pain (throbbing)
From diagnostic or therapeutic procedures
from bone destruction
from compression of viscera
Which cancer sites will PT’s note?
Skeletal, CNS (spinal or nerve root compression, seizures and or changes in mental status), Pulmonary (persistent cough, pleural pain etc_), Hepatic (associated with increase likelihood of bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome)
What percentage of patients w/ newly diagnosed canger have clinically detectable metastasized cancer
30%
What percentage of patients w/ newly diagnosed canger have hidden metastasized cancer?
30-40%
How soon after initial diagnosis is metastasized cancer usuall seen?
around 3-5 years
What % of tumor cells released into blood stream are killed and in what time frame?
99% of tumor cells within 24 hrs
What type of vessel is more common for cancer to metastasize through?
veins due to the much stronger arterial walls
What is the primary metastasis site for breast cancer?
Bone (shoulder, hip, ribs, vertebrae) CNS
