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Pathophysiology > Stress > Flashcards

Stress Flashcards

1
Q

Stress

A

Internal/external situation that the the body perceives as abnormal and throws off homeostasis

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2
Q

External stress example

A

Studying

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3
Q

Stressor

A

a challenging demand on the body that arouses a response from multiple organ systems

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4
Q

Stress can be __ or __

A

Positive or negative

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5
Q

Internal stress example

A

Blood clot cutting off blood supply

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6
Q

Eustress

A

“Good Stress”
Manageable but requires mobilization of resources
Positively motivates you
Ex. Taking a test or working out

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7
Q

Distress

A

“Bad Stress”

Experience perceived as taxing, overwhelming the body, exceeds existing resources, disruption of equilibrium

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8
Q

Adaptive Ability

A

The way in which the individual manages stress and reduces the effect the stressor on his/her life
Depends on coping mechanism and conditioning factors

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9
Q

Coping Mechanisms

A

The emotional and behavioral responses used to manage threats and physiological and psychological homeostasis

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10
Q

Conditioning Factors

A

Age, gender, genetics, predisposition, pre-exsisting health problems, life experiences, developmental level, educational level, and social support

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11
Q

HPA Axis involves:

A

Hypothalamus
Anterior Pituitary
Adrenals

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12
Q

Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) Phases:

A

Alarm Stage
Resistance Stage
Exhaustion Stage

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13
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System is associated with __ or ___

A

Fight or Flight

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14
Q

Fight or Flight is associated with which GAS Phases

A

Alarm Stage

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15
Q

In the HPA Axis the Hypothalamus secretes __

A

Corticotropin-releasing Hormone (CRH) > Anterior Pituitary

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16
Q

In the HPA Axis the Anterior Pituitary secretes ___

A

Adernocorticotropic Hormone(ATCH) > Adrenal Gland

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17
Q

In the HPA Axis the Adrenal gland secretes ___

A

Cortisol
Epinephrine/Norepinephrine
Aldosterone

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18
Q

Alarm Stage

A

State of arousal characterized by the CNS, Sympathetic Nervous System, and Adrenal gland stimulation

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19
Q

Norepinephrine is a hormone but…

A

Works as a Neurotransmitter

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20
Q

Posterior Pituitary secretes ___

A

Antidiuretic Hormone (in kidneys)

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21
Q

Epinephrine

A 
Increase Heart Rate
Vasoconstriction
Bronchiodilation
Pulls blood to major organs
Decrease urine and GI activity
Pupil Dilation
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22
Q

Cortisol

A

Provides energy**
Pulls from stored glycogen to convert to glucose
Enhance muscle strength

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23
Q

Aldosterone

A

Increase Na retention > Increase water retention

Increase Blood volume > increase BP

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24
Q

Long term ___ cause immunosupression

A

Cortisol

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25
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone

A

Increase water retention from kidneys tubules

Creates Aquaporins in nephrons

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26
Q

Resistance Stage

A

Body attempts to starve off the effects of stress through continual hormone and catecholamine secretion

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27
Q

Cortisol increases __ over a long period of time

A

Weight

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28
Q

Epinephrine & Aldosterone increases __

A

BP > Hypertension

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29
Q

Chronic hypertension can cause ___

A

Atherosclerosis

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30
Q

What are catecholamines?

A

Epi & Norepi (short lived)

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31
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System is associated with ___ and ___

A

Rest and Digest

The body trying to go back to homeostasis

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32
Q

Exhaustion Stage

A

Stressor doesn’t subside
Illness - Particularly MIs (b/c chronic hypertension injures vessels and plaque build up)
Immune System decrease (b/c cortisol)
Weakness, run down, depressed, anxious

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33
Q

Long term secretion of cortisol causes ___

A

Atrophy of Thymus gland > less T cells

RARE: Autoimmune disease

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34
Q

Allostasis

A

A dynamic state of balance that changes according to exposure to stressors

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35
Q

Allostatic Load

A

The wear and tear on body systems caused by stress reactions

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36
Q

Allostatic load can accumulate due to 4 mechanisms:

A

Repeated stressful experiences
Inability to adapt to stress
Prolonged reaction to stress
Inadequate response to stress

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37
Q

Allostatic overload

A

When stress exceeds the body’s ability to adapt

38
Q

Who is most at risk for not being able to adapt to stress > resulting in allostatic overload

A

Elderly (less resiliency)

Body requires more time for recovery

39
Q

Symptoms of Allostatic Overload

A 
Nervousness
Irritability
Headaches
Insomnia
Panic Attacks
40
Q

McEwen has a theory about what?

A

Allostatic load

41
Q

What happens to the body when you have chronic stress?

A

It builds a NEW NORMAL > New Homeostasis

42
Q

When does Allostatic Overload occur?

A

When an individual is unable to adapt to the stress

43
Q

Healthy lifestyle habits can lead to ___

A

Healthy adaptation capacity

44
Q

Treatment for Stress

A 
HEALTHY LIFESTYLE HABITS
Eating right
Sleeping
Yoga
Reduce caffeine intake
45
Q

2 Sources of Stress

A

Physiologic

Psychologic

46
Q

3 Types of Stress

A

Acute
Episodic
Chronic

47
Q

Physiologic Stress Examples

A

Hypertension
Illness
Autoimmune disease

48
Q

Psychologic Stress Examples

A

Relationship Breakup
Drug abuse
Bad Family Dynamics

49
Q

Episodic Stress Examples

A

Taking a test

50
Q

Acute Stress Examples

A

Almost getting hit by a car

51
Q

Chronic Stress Examples

A

Disease of a family member

Nursing school

52
Q

Consequences of Chronic Stress

A 
Heightened Responses
Exhaustion of body resources
Hard to return back to Homeostasis
Not able to remember things 
Cardiac problems
Tightened muscles
Constipation/Diarrhea
Skin breakouts
Reproductive issues
53
Q

Primary Prevention for Stress

A 
Exercising
Meditating
Counseling
Maintains of positive relationships
Health education
54
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Build up of plaque inside the vessels (Fat or fibrous) > narrowing of the lumen size

55
Q

Atherosclerosis leads to ___ ultimately

A

Ischemia > Necrosis

56
Q

Atherosclerosis in the heart or (CAD) leads to __

A

Myocardial Infarction

57
Q

Modifiable Risk Factors for Athersclerosis

A 
High BP Over 140/95
Increase LDL "Bad Cholesterol"
Decrease HDL "Good Cholesterol"
Stress
Smoking
Obesity
Diabetes mellitus
58
Q

Non-modifiable Risk Factors for Atherosclerosis

A

Advanced age
Family history
Caucasian
Sex

59
Q

When does Ischemia occur?

A

When the demand for oxygenated blood exceeds the actual supply

60
Q

When tissue has lack of oxygen what type of metabolism takes over?

A

Anaerobic Metabolism

61
Q

Anaerobic leads to ___

A

Lactic acid build up > low pH (painful sensation)

62
Q

CAD leads to decreased CO because…

A

Acidosis impairs left ventricle > decrease strength of contractions > ULTIMATELY lead to heart failure

63
Q

Clinical Manifestations of Atherosclerosis

A

Elevated BP
Tachycardia
Chest Pain
Jaw &/or Shoulder pain in women

64
Q

What is Intermittent Claudication?

A

Pain in leg induced by exercise

Subsides with rest

65
Q

Anginal Pain

A

Pain from lack of blood flow to heart tissues

66
Q

Stable Anginal Pain

A

Relieved with rest and meds

67
Q

Unstable Anginal Pain

A

Increases frequency, duration

Does not go away

68
Q

What causes Intermittent Claudication?

A

Obstruction of arteries

69
Q

Symptoms of Intermittent Claudication

A

Discolored skin
Aching or burning sensation
Cold feet
Weakness in arms and legs

70
Q

Hypertension can be __ or __

A

Intermittent or Sustained

71
Q

Intermittent Hypertension

A

Occurs in a stressful situation

72
Q

Sustained Hypertension

A

BP over 139/89 for a long period of time

73
Q

Primary Hypertension

A

Most common
Don’t always know about
Cause unknown (but usually RASS system disfunction)
Precursor to Diabetes

74
Q

Secondary Hypertension

A

Secondary to another disease (Chronic Renal Disease)

75
Q

Malignant Hypertension

A

Related to a reaction to Anesthesia
Genetic
Elevated BP and body temp.

76
Q

Causes of Hypertension

A 
Increased CO
Total peripheral resistance (Increase blood viscosity or decrease in lumen size)
Family history
Obesity
High sodium diet
77
Q

Primary Hypertension Causes

A

Changes in arterial vessel bed
Abnormal increase in sympathetic nervous system
Genetic
Abnormal release of Renin

78
Q

RASS System Process

A

Renin > Angiotensin > Angiotensin I > Angiotensin II > Vasoconstriction & Aldosterone secretion from kidneys

79
Q

RASS System Purpose

A

Increase BP and fluid balance in body

80
Q

Renin is secreted from where?

A

Kidneys

81
Q

Renin changes angiotensin to angiotensin I where?

A

Liver

82
Q

Angiotensin I changes to angiotensin II where?

A

Lungs

83
Q

Angiotensin II tells the kidneys to secrete what?

A

Aldosterone

84
Q

Vasoconstriction increases what?

A

Vascular resistance

85
Q

Secondary hypertension is treated by ___

A

Treatment of primary health problem first then Hypertension should subside

86
Q

Cushing Syndrome is associated with ___

A

Secondary Hypertension (Hypersecretion of ACTH)

87
Q

Clinical Manifestation of Hypertension depend on ___

A

Location

88
Q

Clinical Manifestations of Hypertension

A

Brain > Stroke
Retina > Blindness
Heart > MI, Ventricle Hypertrophy, Heart Failure, Pulmonary Edema
Kidneys > Proteinuria, edema, Renal Failure

89
Q

The Adrenal Cortex secretes what?

A

Cortisol (Corticosteroids)

90
Q

The Adrenal Medulla secretes what?

A

Epi & Norepi

Pathophysiology (12 decks)

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