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Stress Flashcards

1
Q

Stress

A

Internal/external situation that the the body perceives as abnormal and throws off homeostasis

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2
Q

External stress example

A

Studying

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3
Q

Stressor

A

a challenging demand on the body that arouses a response from multiple organ systems

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4
Q

Stress can be __ or __

A

Positive or negative

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5
Q

Internal stress example

A

Blood clot cutting off blood supply

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6
Q

Eustress

A

“Good Stress”
Manageable but requires mobilization of resources
Positively motivates you
Ex. Taking a test or working out

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7
Q

Distress

A

“Bad Stress”

Experience perceived as taxing, overwhelming the body, exceeds existing resources, disruption of equilibrium

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8
Q

Adaptive Ability

A

The way in which the individual manages stress and reduces the effect the stressor on his/her life
Depends on coping mechanism and conditioning factors

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9
Q

Coping Mechanisms

A

The emotional and behavioral responses used to manage threats and physiological and psychological homeostasis

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10
Q

Conditioning Factors

A

Age, gender, genetics, predisposition, pre-exsisting health problems, life experiences, developmental level, educational level, and social support

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11
Q

HPA Axis involves:

A

Hypothalamus
Anterior Pituitary
Adrenals

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12
Q

Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) Phases:

A

Alarm Stage
Resistance Stage
Exhaustion Stage

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13
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System is associated with __ or ___

A

Fight or Flight

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14
Q

Fight or Flight is associated with which GAS Phases

A

Alarm Stage

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15
Q

In the HPA Axis the Hypothalamus secretes __

A

Corticotropin-releasing Hormone (CRH) > Anterior Pituitary

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16
Q

In the HPA Axis the Anterior Pituitary secretes ___

A

Adernocorticotropic Hormone(ATCH) > Adrenal Gland

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17
Q

In the HPA Axis the Adrenal gland secretes ___

A

Cortisol
Epinephrine/Norepinephrine
Aldosterone

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18
Q

Alarm Stage

A

State of arousal characterized by the CNS, Sympathetic Nervous System, and Adrenal gland stimulation

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19
Q

Norepinephrine is a hormone but…

A

Works as a Neurotransmitter

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20
Q

Posterior Pituitary secretes ___

A

Antidiuretic Hormone (in kidneys)

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21
Q

Epinephrine

A 
Increase Heart Rate
Vasoconstriction
Bronchiodilation
Pulls blood to major organs
Decrease urine and GI activity
Pupil Dilation
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22
Q

Cortisol

A

Provides energy**
Pulls from stored glycogen to convert to glucose
Enhance muscle strength

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23
Q

Aldosterone

A

Increase Na retention > Increase water retention

Increase Blood volume > increase BP

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24
Q

Long term ___ cause immunosupression

A

Cortisol

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25
Antidiuretic Hormone
Increase water retention from kidneys tubules | Creates Aquaporins in nephrons
26
Resistance Stage
Body attempts to starve off the effects of stress through continual hormone and catecholamine secretion
27
Cortisol increases __ over a long period of time
Weight
28
Epinephrine & Aldosterone increases __
BP > Hypertension
29
Chronic hypertension can cause ___
Atherosclerosis
30
What are catecholamines?
Epi & Norepi (short lived)
31
Parasympathetic Nervous System is associated with ___ and ___
Rest and Digest | The body trying to go back to homeostasis
32
Exhaustion Stage
Stressor doesn't subside Illness - Particularly MIs (b/c chronic hypertension injures vessels and plaque build up) Immune System decrease (b/c cortisol) Weakness, run down, depressed, anxious
33
Long term secretion of cortisol causes ___
Atrophy of Thymus gland > less T cells | RARE: Autoimmune disease
34
Allostasis
A dynamic state of balance that changes according to exposure to stressors
35
Allostatic Load
The wear and tear on body systems caused by stress reactions
36
Allostatic load can accumulate due to 4 mechanisms:
Repeated stressful experiences Inability to adapt to stress Prolonged reaction to stress Inadequate response to stress
37
Allostatic overload
When stress exceeds the body's ability to adapt
38
Who is most at risk for not being able to adapt to stress > resulting in allostatic overload
Elderly (less resiliency) | Body requires more time for recovery
39
Symptoms of Allostatic Overload
``` Nervousness Irritability Headaches Insomnia Panic Attacks ```
40
McEwen has a theory about what?
Allostatic load
41
What happens to the body when you have chronic stress?
It builds a NEW NORMAL > New Homeostasis
42
When does Allostatic Overload occur?
When an individual is unable to adapt to the stress
43
Healthy lifestyle habits can lead to ___
Healthy adaptation capacity
44
Treatment for Stress
``` HEALTHY LIFESTYLE HABITS Eating right Sleeping Yoga Reduce caffeine intake ```
45
2 Sources of Stress
Physiologic | Psychologic
46
3 Types of Stress
Acute Episodic Chronic
47
Physiologic Stress Examples
Hypertension Illness Autoimmune disease
48
Psychologic Stress Examples
Relationship Breakup Drug abuse Bad Family Dynamics
49
Episodic Stress Examples
Taking a test
50
Acute Stress Examples
Almost getting hit by a car
51
Chronic Stress Examples
Disease of a family member | Nursing school
52
Consequences of Chronic Stress
``` Heightened Responses Exhaustion of body resources Hard to return back to Homeostasis Not able to remember things Cardiac problems Tightened muscles Constipation/Diarrhea Skin breakouts Reproductive issues ```
53
Primary Prevention for Stress
``` Exercising Meditating Counseling Maintains of positive relationships Health education ```
54
Atherosclerosis
Build up of plaque inside the vessels (Fat or fibrous) > narrowing of the lumen size
55
Atherosclerosis leads to ___ ultimately
Ischemia > Necrosis
56
Atherosclerosis in the heart or (CAD) leads to __
Myocardial Infarction
57
Modifiable Risk Factors for Athersclerosis
``` High BP Over 140/95 Increase LDL "Bad Cholesterol" Decrease HDL "Good Cholesterol" Stress Smoking Obesity Diabetes mellitus ```
58
Non-modifiable Risk Factors for Atherosclerosis
Advanced age Family history Caucasian Sex
59
When does Ischemia occur?
When the demand for oxygenated blood exceeds the actual supply
60
When tissue has lack of oxygen what type of metabolism takes over?
Anaerobic Metabolism
61
Anaerobic leads to ___
Lactic acid build up > low pH (painful sensation)
62
CAD leads to decreased CO because...
Acidosis impairs left ventricle > decrease strength of contractions > ULTIMATELY lead to heart failure
63
Clinical Manifestations of Atherosclerosis
Elevated BP Tachycardia Chest Pain Jaw &/or Shoulder pain in women
64
What is Intermittent Claudication?
Pain in leg induced by exercise | Subsides with rest
65
Anginal Pain
Pain from lack of blood flow to heart tissues
66
Stable Anginal Pain
Relieved with rest and meds
67
Unstable Anginal Pain
Increases frequency, duration | Does not go away
68
What causes Intermittent Claudication?
Obstruction of arteries
69
Symptoms of Intermittent Claudication
Discolored skin Aching or burning sensation Cold feet Weakness in arms and legs
70
Hypertension can be __ or __
Intermittent or Sustained
71
Intermittent Hypertension
Occurs in a stressful situation
72
Sustained Hypertension
BP over 139/89 for a long period of time
73
Primary Hypertension
Most common Don't always know about Cause unknown (but usually RASS system disfunction) Precursor to Diabetes
74
Secondary Hypertension
Secondary to another disease (Chronic Renal Disease)
75
Malignant Hypertension
Related to a reaction to Anesthesia Genetic Elevated BP and body temp.
76
Causes of Hypertension
``` Increased CO Total peripheral resistance (Increase blood viscosity or decrease in lumen size) Family history Obesity High sodium diet ```
77
Primary Hypertension Causes
Changes in arterial vessel bed Abnormal increase in sympathetic nervous system Genetic Abnormal release of Renin
78
RASS System Process
Renin > Angiotensin > Angiotensin I > Angiotensin II > Vasoconstriction & Aldosterone secretion from kidneys
79
RASS System Purpose
Increase BP and fluid balance in body
80
Renin is secreted from where?
Kidneys
81
Renin changes angiotensin to angiotensin I where?
Liver
82
Angiotensin I changes to angiotensin II where?
Lungs
83
Angiotensin II tells the kidneys to secrete what?
Aldosterone
84
Vasoconstriction increases what?
Vascular resistance
85
Secondary hypertension is treated by ___
Treatment of primary health problem first then Hypertension should subside
86
Cushing Syndrome is associated with ___
Secondary Hypertension (Hypersecretion of ACTH)
87
Clinical Manifestation of Hypertension depend on ___
Location
88
Clinical Manifestations of Hypertension
Brain > Stroke Retina > Blindness Heart > MI, Ventricle Hypertrophy, Heart Failure, Pulmonary Edema Kidneys > Proteinuria, edema, Renal Failure
89
The Adrenal Cortex secretes what?
Cortisol (Corticosteroids)
90
The Adrenal Medulla secretes what?
Epi & Norepi

Pathophysiology (12 decks)

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