Acid/Base Regulation Flashcards
What is the major stimulus for breathing?
CO2
Normal pH range for the human body
7.35-7.45
Normal PaCO2 for the human body
35-45
Normal HCO-3 (Bicarb) for the human body
22-26
What is the first thing that reacts to a change in pH?
The lungs
What is the second thing that reacts to a change in pH?
The kidneys
What is a key thing to remember about the kidneys reacting to pH change?
They react slower but they are more efficient
How do lungs increase CO2 in blood?
Through HYPOventilation
How do lungs decrease CO2 in blood?
Through HYPERventilation
If the pH is low how do the kidneys increase the pH?
By excreting H+
Of the pH is too high how do the kidneys decrease the pH?
By retaining H+
Respiratory Acidosis
CO2 greater than 45 mmHg
pH less than 7.35
Not exhaling enough CO2 (hypoventilation)
Clinical Manifestation of Respiratory Acidosis
Cyanosis
Shallow/Labored breathing
Disorientation
Examples of Respiratory Acidosis
Drug overdose
COPD
Suffocation
Respiratory muscle weakness
Respiratory Alkalosis
CO2 less than 35 mmHg
pH more than 7.45
Exhaling too much CO2 (hyperventilation)
Clinical Manifestation of Respiratory Alkalosis
Lightheaded
Altered consciousness
Muscle spasms
Paresthesias (tingling sensation)
Examples of Respiratory Alkalosis
Early Asthma
Anxiety
Early Pneumonia
Metabolic Acidosis
pH less that 7.35
Bicarb less than 22
Retaining too much H+ or Excreting too much Bicarb
Metabolic Acidosis can occur with ____ ____
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Clinical manifestation of Metabolic Acidosis
Kussmaul’s respirations
Coma
Hypotension > Kidneys make vessels dilate
Examples of Metabolic Acidosis
Diabetic ketoacidosis (Most common with Type I) Lactic acidosis Diarrhea or Vomiting (Loss of too much Bicarb)
Metabolic Alkalosis
pH more than 7.45
Bicarb more than 26
Excreting too much H+ or Retain too much Bicarb
Clinical manifestation of Metabolic Alkalosis
Muscle weakness
Paresthesias
Light headed
Examples of Metabolic Alkalosis
Vomiting (Loss of gastric acids HCl)
Excess Bicarb ingestion
