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Pathophysiology > Gas Exchange > Flashcards

Gas Exchange Flashcards

1
Q

The Phrenic Nerve stimulates what muscle?

A

The diaphragm

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2
Q

COPD

A

An increase in resistance to airflow from the trachea and bronchi to the terminal and respiratory bronchioles

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3
Q

Causes of COPD

A

Smoking (#1 cause)
Genetic susceptibility (AAT)
Environmental factors

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4
Q

Asthma

A

Airway inflammation, increased mucus production, airway hyper-responsiveness (Bronchospasms)

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5
Q

One key characteristic of Asthma

A 
Episodic airway obstruction which is reversible
Variable symptoms (can be different for each person)
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6
Q

Status Asthmaticus

A

Persistent asthma condition despite treatment efforts

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7
Q

Symptoms of Asthma

A 
Wheeze
SOB
Chest tightness
Variable expiratory airflow limitation
Use of accessory muscles
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8
Q

Triggers of asthma

A

Exercise
Environmental irritants
Emotions
GERD

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9
Q

What is the goal of treatment of asthma?

A

Prevent acute attacks

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10
Q

Why is the goal to treat asthma to prevent acute attacks?

A

We want to prevent bronchial remodeling

If they have frequent attacks the cells will remodel.

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11
Q

Asthma can lead to _____ ____

A

Respiratory failure

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12
Q

Respiratory failure signs

A

Marked airway constriction
Inaudible breath sounds
Repetitive hacking cough

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13
Q

What skin disease is closely linked with asthma?

A

Eczema

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14
Q

Mild Intermittent Asthma

A

Symptoms <2 x month

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15
Q

Mild Persistent Asthma

A

Symptoms 3-6 x week

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16
Q

Moderate Persistent Asthma

A

Symptoms occur daily

Have normal or below normal air exchange

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17
Q

Severe Persistent Asthma

A

Below normal air exchange
Continual symptoms
Activity greatly effected

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18
Q

Test for Asthma

A 
Pulmonary Function Test
Serum IgE levels (Allergy)
CBC (Increase eosinophils)
Chest X-Ray
ABG (hypoxemia)
Bronchoprovocation challenge
Pulse oximetry
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19
Q

Chronic Bronchitis

A

Hypersecretion of mucus in the large and small airways, hypoxia, and cyanosis

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20
Q

Chronic Bronchitis is unable to get air ___ of the lungs

A

INTO

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21
Q

Stimulus for a patient with Chronic Bronchitis to breath

A

Low O2 levels (Difference from normal person)

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22
Q

Why is it not a good idea to give O2 to a patient with Chronic Bronchitis?

A

Decreases respiratory drive

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23
Q

Why do kidneys stimulate erythropoietin?

A

Try to create more carries for O2 leads to hypertension

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24
Q

Blue Bloater

A 
Big belly (excessive fluids)
Chronic cough and mucus
Edema
Increase sputum
Cyanosis
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25
What do they call someone with Chronic bronchitis?
Blue Bloater
26
Symptoms of Chronic Bronchitis
``` Productive cough Dyspnea Cyanosis Pulmonary Hypertension Elevated Hgb Peripheral edema Rhonchi, wheezing Right sided heart failure Enlarged liver Clubbing fingers Chronic hypoxia ```
27
Chronic Bronchitis eventually results in ___ ___ ___ failure
Right Sided Heart Failure
28
Why does Chronic Bronchitis lead to right sided heart failure?
1. ) Erythropoietin stimulates bone marrow to make more RBCs 2. ) Leads to too much RBCs (polycythemia) 3. ) Pulmonary Hypertension 4. ) Right sided heart failure
29
Emphysema
Abnormal, permanent overdistension of ALVEOLI with trapped air
30
Emphysema is unable to get air ___ of the lungs
OUT
31
Causes of emphysema
Smoking
32
In emphysema the alveoli lose ___
Elasticity
33
Symptoms of emphysema
``` Dyspnea on exertion Barrel-shaped chest Minimal V/Q mismatch Prolonged expiration Decreased breath sounds Hyperinflation of the lungs AP diameter equal Chronic hypercapnia ```
34
What do they call someone with emphysema?
Pink Puffer
35
Bronchiectasis
Structural components of the bronchiole wall are destroyed and replaced by fibrous tissue End-stage lung disease
36
Bronchiectasis is ____
Irreversible
37
Pulmonary Embolism
Occlusion of a portion of the pulmonary arterial bed
38
What can cause pulmonary embolism?
``` Thrombus Embolus Tissue fragment Lipids Air bubble ```
39
Where do pulmonary emboli come from?
DVTs (most commonly)
40
Pulmonary Embolism symptoms
``` Tachycardia Air hungry Low-grade fever Blood tinged sputum (hemoptysis) Leg edema Leg pain Distended Jugular Syncope ```
41
Anemia is a __ problem
Transport
42
Anemia occurs from:
Decreased RBCs Increased RBC destruction Blood loss
43
Polycythemia
Abnormally increased concentration of Hgb in the blood
44
Polycythemia can result from ___
Hypoxia
45
If you are hemorrhaging it is a ___ problem
Perfusion | This is different from anemia which is a transport issue
46
Iron deficiency occurs with:
``` Inadequate intake Trauma/Surgeries Pregnancy Cancers Congenital/inherited problems ```
47
Symptoms of Iron Deficiency Anemia
``` Pallor Yellowing of the eyes SOB Tachycardia Lep cramps Pica Dry, brittle nails Cracking at the edge of lips Atrophic tongue ```
48
Pica
Craving nonnutritive substances
49
Normal Hgb levels
Male: 14-18 g/dL Female: 12-16 g/dL
50
Normal hematocrit levels
Male: 42-52% Female: 37-47%
51
Reticulocyte count
Determines the number of immature cells present
52
First line of defense for the respiratory system
Mucociliary Apparatus
53
What paralyzes the mucociliary apparatus?
Smoking
54
What measures Hemoglobin O2 saturation?
Pulse oximeter (Arterial)
55
What happens if partial pressure O2 falls below 60 mmHg?
Tissue Hypoxia
56
Erythropoietin is secreted by ___
Kidneys
57
Erythropoietin stimulates __ __
Bone Marrow
58
Erythropoietin is responsible for the production of ___
RBCs
59
What kind of conditions stimulate erythropoietin?
Any condition that causes hypoxia | Cardiac and Lung disease and changes in atmospheric pressure
60
The Phrenic Nerve is located at ___
C4
61
If injury happens at or above C4 what occurs?
Reparations cease
62
What is the stimulus for us the breath?
CO2
63
Mechanics of a breath
Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract Pressure inside the chest decreases Diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax
64
Normal atmospheric pressure of O2
21% O2 (also called "room air")
65
Diffusion
Movement of gases between airspaces in the lungs and the blood stream
66
Hypoxemia
reduced oxygenation of arterial blood (PaO2) from problem of oxygenation
67
Hypoxemia occurs with:
O2 delivery to alveoli (Chronic Bronchitis) Diffusion of O2 from alveoli to blood Perfusion of pulmonary capillaries
68
Hypoxia
Reduced O2 of cells/tissues
69
Symptoms of Hypoxia
``` "Air hunger" Mental confusion Fatigue Dizziness Visual impairments Nervous/Restlessness Hot/Cold flashes ```
70
Hypoxia in a child
``` Feeding difficulty Inspiratory Stridor Nasal flaring Expiratory grunting Sternal retractions ```
71
Ventilation
Process of inspiration and expiration of air through the pulmonary airways
72
Perfusion
Movement of blood through the pulmonary circulation, eventually providing O2 to every part of the body
73
Ventilation-Perfusion Ratio (V-Q ratio)
Ratio of the amount of air reaching the alveoli to the amount of blood reaching the alveoli
74
Atelectasis
Collapse of alveoli resulting in reduced gas exchange
75
Where there is little ventilation, pulmonary arterial vessels dilate/constrict?
Constrict | Try to get all the oxygen available there
76
V-Q Mismatch
Occurs when air cannot flow into the alveoli or blood flow around an alveolus is altered
77
What is the most common thing that causes a V-Q mismatch?
Pulmonary embolus**
78
Anoxia
Total lack of oxygen in the body
79
Pulmonary Aspiration occurs when:
Material from the oropharynx enters the lower respiratory tract
80
Medulla Oblongata
Senses O2 and CO2 levels
81
Pons
Controls the respiratory rate
82
Treatment for atelectasis
Incentive spirometer
83
Common area for aspiration pneumonia
Right middle lobe
84
Mucus blocking the bronchioles is a ___ problem
Ventilation
85
The heart is not pumping enough blood out to the lungs. Impairing the gas exchange. Which is a ___ issue
Perfusion
86
A person is hiking Mt. Everest and a person cannot breath. This is a ____ issue
Ventilation
87
A patient has sickle cell disease. This is a ___ issue
Transport
88
Primary Prevention
Infection control Smoking cessation Immunizations Preventing postoperative complications
89
Secondary screening
TB skin test | Early diagnosis of diseases

Pathophysiology (12 decks)

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