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Pathophysiology > Gas Exchange > Flashcards

Gas Exchange Flashcards

1
Q

The Phrenic Nerve stimulates what muscle?

A

The diaphragm

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2
Q

COPD

A

An increase in resistance to airflow from the trachea and bronchi to the terminal and respiratory bronchioles

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3
Q

Causes of COPD

A

Smoking (#1 cause)
Genetic susceptibility (AAT)
Environmental factors

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4
Q

Asthma

A

Airway inflammation, increased mucus production, airway hyper-responsiveness (Bronchospasms)

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5
Q

One key characteristic of Asthma

A 
Episodic airway obstruction which is reversible
Variable symptoms (can be different for each person)
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6
Q

Status Asthmaticus

A

Persistent asthma condition despite treatment efforts

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7
Q

Symptoms of Asthma

A 
Wheeze
SOB
Chest tightness
Variable expiratory airflow limitation
Use of accessory muscles
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8
Q

Triggers of asthma

A

Exercise
Environmental irritants
Emotions
GERD

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9
Q

What is the goal of treatment of asthma?

A

Prevent acute attacks

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10
Q

Why is the goal to treat asthma to prevent acute attacks?

A

We want to prevent bronchial remodeling

If they have frequent attacks the cells will remodel.

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11
Q

Asthma can lead to _____ ____

A

Respiratory failure

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12
Q

Respiratory failure signs

A

Marked airway constriction
Inaudible breath sounds
Repetitive hacking cough

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13
Q

What skin disease is closely linked with asthma?

A

Eczema

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14
Q

Mild Intermittent Asthma

A

Symptoms <2 x month

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15
Q

Mild Persistent Asthma

A

Symptoms 3-6 x week

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16
Q

Moderate Persistent Asthma

A

Symptoms occur daily

Have normal or below normal air exchange

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17
Q

Severe Persistent Asthma

A

Below normal air exchange
Continual symptoms
Activity greatly effected

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18
Q

Test for Asthma

A 
Pulmonary Function Test
Serum IgE levels (Allergy)
CBC (Increase eosinophils)
Chest X-Ray
ABG (hypoxemia)
Bronchoprovocation challenge
Pulse oximetry
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19
Q

Chronic Bronchitis

A

Hypersecretion of mucus in the large and small airways, hypoxia, and cyanosis

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20
Q

Chronic Bronchitis is unable to get air ___ of the lungs

A

INTO

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21
Q

Stimulus for a patient with Chronic Bronchitis to breath

A

Low O2 levels (Difference from normal person)

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22
Q

Why is it not a good idea to give O2 to a patient with Chronic Bronchitis?

A

Decreases respiratory drive

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23
Q

Why do kidneys stimulate erythropoietin?

A

Try to create more carries for O2 leads to hypertension

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24
Q

Blue Bloater

A 
Big belly (excessive fluids)
Chronic cough and mucus
Edema
Increase sputum
Cyanosis
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25
Q

What do they call someone with Chronic bronchitis?

A

Blue Bloater

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26
Q

Symptoms of Chronic Bronchitis

A 
Productive cough
Dyspnea
Cyanosis
Pulmonary Hypertension
Elevated Hgb
Peripheral edema
Rhonchi, wheezing
Right sided heart failure
Enlarged liver
Clubbing fingers
Chronic hypoxia
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27
Q

Chronic Bronchitis eventually results in ___ ___ ___ failure

A

Right Sided Heart Failure

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28
Q

Why does Chronic Bronchitis lead to right sided heart failure?

A
  1. ) Erythropoietin stimulates bone marrow to make more RBCs
  2. ) Leads to too much RBCs (polycythemia)
  3. ) Pulmonary Hypertension
  4. ) Right sided heart failure
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29
Q

Emphysema

A

Abnormal, permanent overdistension of ALVEOLI with trapped air

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30
Q

Emphysema is unable to get air ___ of the lungs

A

OUT

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31
Q

Causes of emphysema

A

Smoking

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32
Q

In emphysema the alveoli lose ___

A

Elasticity

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33
Q

Symptoms of emphysema

A 
Dyspnea on exertion
Barrel-shaped chest
Minimal V/Q mismatch
Prolonged expiration
Decreased breath sounds
Hyperinflation of the lungs
AP diameter equal
Chronic hypercapnia
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34
Q

What do they call someone with emphysema?

A

Pink Puffer

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35
Q

Bronchiectasis

A

Structural components of the bronchiole wall are destroyed and replaced by fibrous tissue
End-stage lung disease

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36
Q

Bronchiectasis is ____

A

Irreversible

37
Q

Pulmonary Embolism

A

Occlusion of a portion of the pulmonary arterial bed

38
Q

What can cause pulmonary embolism?

A 
Thrombus
Embolus
Tissue fragment
Lipids
Air bubble
39
Q

Where do pulmonary emboli come from?

A

DVTs (most commonly)

40
Q

Pulmonary Embolism symptoms

A 
Tachycardia
Air hungry
Low-grade fever
Blood tinged sputum (hemoptysis)
Leg edema
Leg pain
Distended Jugular
Syncope
41
Q

Anemia is a __ problem

A

Transport

42
Q

Anemia occurs from:

A

Decreased RBCs
Increased RBC destruction
Blood loss

43
Q

Polycythemia

A

Abnormally increased concentration of Hgb in the blood

44
Q

Polycythemia can result from ___

A

Hypoxia

45
Q

If you are hemorrhaging it is a ___ problem

A

Perfusion

This is different from anemia which is a transport issue

46
Q

Iron deficiency occurs with:

A 
Inadequate intake
Trauma/Surgeries
Pregnancy
Cancers
Congenital/inherited problems
47
Q

Symptoms of Iron Deficiency Anemia

A 
Pallor
Yellowing of the eyes
SOB
Tachycardia
Lep cramps
Pica
Dry, brittle nails
Cracking at the edge of lips
Atrophic tongue
48
Q

Pica

A

Craving nonnutritive substances

49
Q

Normal Hgb levels

A

Male: 14-18 g/dL
Female: 12-16 g/dL

50
Q

Normal hematocrit levels

A

Male: 42-52%
Female: 37-47%

51
Q

Reticulocyte count

A

Determines the number of immature cells present

52
Q

First line of defense for the respiratory system

A

Mucociliary Apparatus

53
Q

What paralyzes the mucociliary apparatus?

A

Smoking

54
Q

What measures Hemoglobin O2 saturation?

A

Pulse oximeter (Arterial)

55
Q

What happens if partial pressure O2 falls below 60 mmHg?

A

Tissue Hypoxia

56
Q

Erythropoietin is secreted by ___

A

Kidneys

57
Q

Erythropoietin stimulates __ __

A

Bone Marrow

58
Q

Erythropoietin is responsible for the production of ___

A

RBCs

59
Q

What kind of conditions stimulate erythropoietin?

A

Any condition that causes hypoxia

Cardiac and Lung disease and changes in atmospheric pressure

60
Q

The Phrenic Nerve is located at ___

A

C4

61
Q

If injury happens at or above C4 what occurs?

A

Reparations cease

62
Q

What is the stimulus for us the breath?

A

CO2

63
Q

Mechanics of a breath

A

Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract
Pressure inside the chest decreases
Diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax

64
Q

Normal atmospheric pressure of O2

A

21% O2 (also called “room air”)

65
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of gases between airspaces in the lungs and the blood stream

66
Q

Hypoxemia

A

reduced oxygenation of arterial blood (PaO2) from problem of oxygenation

67
Q

Hypoxemia occurs with:

A

O2 delivery to alveoli (Chronic Bronchitis)
Diffusion of O2 from alveoli to blood
Perfusion of pulmonary capillaries

68
Q

Hypoxia

A

Reduced O2 of cells/tissues

69
Q

Symptoms of Hypoxia

A 
"Air hunger"
Mental confusion
Fatigue
Dizziness
Visual impairments
Nervous/Restlessness
Hot/Cold flashes
70
Q

Hypoxia in a child

A 
Feeding difficulty
Inspiratory Stridor
Nasal flaring
Expiratory grunting
Sternal retractions
71
Q

Ventilation

A

Process of inspiration and expiration of air through the pulmonary airways

72
Q

Perfusion

A

Movement of blood through the pulmonary circulation, eventually providing O2 to every part of the body

73
Q

Ventilation-Perfusion Ratio (V-Q ratio)

A

Ratio of the amount of air reaching the alveoli to the amount of blood reaching the alveoli

74
Q

Atelectasis

A

Collapse of alveoli resulting in reduced gas exchange

75
Q

Where there is little ventilation, pulmonary arterial vessels dilate/constrict?

A

Constrict

Try to get all the oxygen available there

76
Q

V-Q Mismatch

A

Occurs when air cannot flow into the alveoli or blood flow around an alveolus is altered

77
Q

What is the most common thing that causes a V-Q mismatch?

A

Pulmonary embolus**

78
Q

Anoxia

A

Total lack of oxygen in the body

79
Q

Pulmonary Aspiration occurs when:

A

Material from the oropharynx enters the lower respiratory tract

80
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

Senses O2 and CO2 levels

81
Q

Pons

A

Controls the respiratory rate

82
Q

Treatment for atelectasis

A

Incentive spirometer

83
Q

Common area for aspiration pneumonia

A

Right middle lobe

84
Q

Mucus blocking the bronchioles is a ___ problem

A

Ventilation

85
Q

The heart is not pumping enough blood out to the lungs. Impairing the gas exchange. Which is a ___ issue

A

Perfusion

86
Q

A person is hiking Mt. Everest and a person cannot breath. This is a ____ issue

A

Ventilation

87
Q

A patient has sickle cell disease. This is a ___ issue

A

Transport

88
Q

Primary Prevention

A

Infection control
Smoking cessation
Immunizations
Preventing postoperative complications

89
Q

Secondary screening

A

TB skin test

Early diagnosis of diseases

Pathophysiology (12 decks)

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