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Pathophysiology > Fluid & Electrolytes > Flashcards

Fluid & Electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

Normal Na Levels

A

135-145 mEq/L

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2
Q

Hyponatremia characterized by:

A

Muscle aches
Confusion
SEIZURES
Weakness

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3
Q

Hyponatremia caused by:

A

Diuretic therapy
Addison’s disease
Production of too much antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)

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4
Q

What is the most common electrolyte disorder?

A

Hyponatremia

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5
Q

Hypernatremia characterized by:

A

Postural Hypotension
Thirst
Edema
Dry mucus membranes

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6
Q

Hypernatremia caused by:

A

Diabetes insipidus
Cushing Syndrome
Tube feeding
Dehydration

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7
Q

Normal K levels

A

3.5-5.2 mEq/L

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8
Q

Hypokalemia characterized by:

A

Bradycardia
U wave on ECG
ECG dysrhythmias

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9
Q

Hypokalemia caused by:

A 
Diuretics
Diabetes ketoacidosis
Laxatives
Diarrhea
Alkalosis
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10
Q

Hyperkalemia characterized by:

A

Tall peaked T wave on ECG
Dizziness
Intestinal cramping

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11
Q

Hyperkalemia caused by:

A

Tissue Trauma
Burns
Renal failure
Addison’s disease

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12
Q

Normal Ca levels

A

8.5-10.5 mg/dL

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13
Q

Hypocalcemia characterized by:

A

Positive Chvostek’s sign & Trousseau’s Sign
Dry skin and hair
Bone deformities
Wide spread muscle cramps

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14
Q

Hypocalcemia caused by:

A 
Hypoparathyroidism
Hypomagesemia
Insufficient vitamin D
Diuretic therapy
Massive blood transfusion
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15
Q

Hypercalcemia characterized by:

A

Hypertension
Kidney Stones
Constipation
Ataxia

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16
Q

Hypercalcemia caused by:

A

Hyperparathyroidism
Immobility
Malignancy of bone or blood

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17
Q

Normal Mg levels

A

1.5-2.5 mg/dL

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18
Q

Hypomagnesemia characterized by:

A

Positive Chvostek’s sign & Trousseau’s Sign
Hypertension
Uncontrollable movements
Tachycardia

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19
Q

Hypomagnesemia caused by:

A

Alcoholism

Cirrhosis

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20
Q

Hypermagnesemia characterized by:

A

Weakness
Decreased reflexes
Hypotension or Hypertension
Kidney stone

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21
Q

Hypermagnesemia caused by:

A

Excessive use of magnesium containing antacids (TUMS) or laxatives

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22
Q

Osmolality

A

kg***

Measure of the osmoles of solute per kg of solvent

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23
Q

Osmolarity

A

L**

Measures number of osmoles of solute per L

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24
Q

Normal Total Body water

A

60% in adults

75-80% in childern

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25
Q

Intracellular fluid

A

2/3

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26
Q

Extracellular fluid

A

1/3

27
Q

What decreased with age?

A

Percent of total body water

B/c decrease muscle & fat mass

28
Q

Net filtration

A

Forces favoring filtration minus forces opposing filtration

29
Q

Aquaporins

A

“Aquaduct” channels

30
Q

What is common in newborns?

A

Dehydration

31
Q

Hydrostatic Pressure

A

PUSHING
Arteriole end
High at arteriole end > Low at venous end

32
Q

Oncotic Pressure

A

PULLING
Venous end
Low at arteriole end > high at venous end

33
Q

What are starling forces?

A

Hydrostatic Pressure

Oncotic Pressure

34
Q

If Hydrostatic pressure is high at the arterial end ____ is high at the venous end

A

Oncotic pressure

35
Q

Reasons why Edema may occur due to pressure imbalances

A

Too much hydrostatic pressure (pushing)
Too little oncotic pressure (pulling)
Increase in capillary permeability (Leaking water ex. burns)
Lymph obstruction

36
Q

Generalized edema is called ___

A

Anasarca (Think marshmallow man)

37
Q

What is a force favoring filtration?

A

The vessel pushing out (Vessel Hydrostatic pressure)

The Interstitial area pulling (Interstitial Oncotic pressure)

38
Q

What is a force favoring reabsorption?

A

The vessel pulling in (Vessel Oncotic Pressure)

The interstitial area pushing into the vessel (Interstitial Hydrostatic Pressure)

39
Q

What is the primary Extracellular fluid cation?

A

Na

40
Q

What does Na regulate?

A

Osmotic forces

41
Q

What is the primary Extracellular fluid anion?

A

Cl

42
Q

What does Cl provide?

A

Electroneutrality

43
Q

RASS System Process:

A

Renin > Angiotensin I > Angiotensin II > Vasoconstriction & Aldosterone

44
Q

Where is Renin secreted?

A

Kidney

45
Q

When does Renin get secreted?

A

Decrease in: Na levels, BP, Renal Profusion

Increase in: Urine Na

46
Q

Where is Angiotensin I when Renin binds to it?

A

The bloodstream

47
Q

Angiotensin I is converted into Angiotensin II in the ___

A

The lungs

48
Q

2 Major functions of Angiotensin II

A

Tells Adrenal cortex to secrete Aldosterone

Constricts arterioles

49
Q

If aldosterone retains Na what happens?

A

K is excreted

50
Q

When does the RASS system stop?

A

When Renin is not being produced anymore

Renin stops when BP increases

51
Q

Where is ADH secreted from?

A

Posterior Pituitary

52
Q

A cell in a Hypotonic solution would ___

A

Swell

53
Q

A cell in a Hypertonic solution would ___

A

Shrink

54
Q

A cell in a Isotonic solution would ____

A

Stay the same

55
Q

Thirst perception is triggered by ___ receptors

A

Osmolality receptors

56
Q

A Hypertonic solution is characterized by:

A

Hypernatremia

Greater than 145 mEq/L

57
Q

A hypotonic solution is characterized by:

A

Hyponatremia

Less than 135 mEq/L

58
Q

Hyponatremia is most common in ___

A

Elderly

59
Q

What is the most efficient regulator of K?

A

The kidneys

60
Q

Abnormal K level are mostly found as __

A

Cardiac findings/problems

Think “Cardiac”

61
Q

Trousseau’s Sign

A

When BP cuff is inflated - hand will torque (curl inward)

62
Q

Chvostek’s Sign

A

When face is poked under eye socket - face twitches

63
Q

What must be treated first before you can treat Hypocalcemia?

A

Hypomagnesemia

64
Q

If you have hypomagnesemia what other problem will you have?

A

Hypocalcemia

Same with Hyper

Pathophysiology (12 decks)

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