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Pathophysiology > Fluid & Electrolytes > Flashcards

Fluid & Electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

Normal Na Levels

A

135-145 mEq/L

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2
Q

Hyponatremia characterized by:

A

Muscle aches
Confusion
SEIZURES
Weakness

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3
Q

Hyponatremia caused by:

A

Diuretic therapy
Addison’s disease
Production of too much antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)

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4
Q

What is the most common electrolyte disorder?

A

Hyponatremia

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5
Q

Hypernatremia characterized by:

A

Postural Hypotension
Thirst
Edema
Dry mucus membranes

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6
Q

Hypernatremia caused by:

A

Diabetes insipidus
Cushing Syndrome
Tube feeding
Dehydration

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7
Q

Normal K levels

A

3.5-5.2 mEq/L

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8
Q

Hypokalemia characterized by:

A

Bradycardia
U wave on ECG
ECG dysrhythmias

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9
Q

Hypokalemia caused by:

A 
Diuretics
Diabetes ketoacidosis
Laxatives
Diarrhea
Alkalosis
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10
Q

Hyperkalemia characterized by:

A

Tall peaked T wave on ECG
Dizziness
Intestinal cramping

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11
Q

Hyperkalemia caused by:

A

Tissue Trauma
Burns
Renal failure
Addison’s disease

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12
Q

Normal Ca levels

A

8.5-10.5 mg/dL

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13
Q

Hypocalcemia characterized by:

A

Positive Chvostek’s sign & Trousseau’s Sign
Dry skin and hair
Bone deformities
Wide spread muscle cramps

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14
Q

Hypocalcemia caused by:

A 
Hypoparathyroidism
Hypomagesemia
Insufficient vitamin D
Diuretic therapy
Massive blood transfusion
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15
Q

Hypercalcemia characterized by:

A

Hypertension
Kidney Stones
Constipation
Ataxia

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16
Q

Hypercalcemia caused by:

A

Hyperparathyroidism
Immobility
Malignancy of bone or blood

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17
Q

Normal Mg levels

A

1.5-2.5 mg/dL

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18
Q

Hypomagnesemia characterized by:

A

Positive Chvostek’s sign & Trousseau’s Sign
Hypertension
Uncontrollable movements
Tachycardia

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19
Q

Hypomagnesemia caused by:

A

Alcoholism

Cirrhosis

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20
Q

Hypermagnesemia characterized by:

A

Weakness
Decreased reflexes
Hypotension or Hypertension
Kidney stone

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21
Q

Hypermagnesemia caused by:

A

Excessive use of magnesium containing antacids (TUMS) or laxatives

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22
Q

Osmolality

A

kg***

Measure of the osmoles of solute per kg of solvent

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23
Q

Osmolarity

A

L**

Measures number of osmoles of solute per L

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24
Q

Normal Total Body water

A

60% in adults

75-80% in childern

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25
Intracellular fluid
2/3
26
Extracellular fluid
1/3
27
What decreased with age?
Percent of total body water | B/c decrease muscle & fat mass
28
Net filtration
Forces favoring filtration minus forces opposing filtration
29
Aquaporins
"Aquaduct" channels
30
What is common in newborns?
Dehydration
31
Hydrostatic Pressure
PUSHING Arteriole end High at arteriole end > Low at venous end
32
Oncotic Pressure
PULLING Venous end Low at arteriole end > high at venous end
33
What are starling forces?
Hydrostatic Pressure | Oncotic Pressure
34
If Hydrostatic pressure is high at the arterial end ____ is high at the venous end
Oncotic pressure
35
Reasons why Edema may occur due to pressure imbalances
Too much hydrostatic pressure (pushing) Too little oncotic pressure (pulling) Increase in capillary permeability (Leaking water ex. burns) Lymph obstruction
36
Generalized edema is called ___
Anasarca (Think marshmallow man)
37
What is a force favoring filtration?
The vessel pushing out (Vessel Hydrostatic pressure) | The Interstitial area pulling (Interstitial Oncotic pressure)
38
What is a force favoring reabsorption?
The vessel pulling in (Vessel Oncotic Pressure) | The interstitial area pushing into the vessel (Interstitial Hydrostatic Pressure)
39
What is the primary Extracellular fluid cation?
Na
40
What does Na regulate?
Osmotic forces
41
What is the primary Extracellular fluid anion?
Cl
42
What does Cl provide?
Electroneutrality
43
RASS System Process:
Renin > Angiotensin I > Angiotensin II > Vasoconstriction & Aldosterone
44
Where is Renin secreted?
Kidney
45
When does Renin get secreted?
Decrease in: Na levels, BP, Renal Profusion | Increase in: Urine Na
46
Where is Angiotensin I when Renin binds to it?
The bloodstream
47
Angiotensin I is converted into Angiotensin II in the ___
The lungs
48
2 Major functions of Angiotensin II
Tells Adrenal cortex to secrete Aldosterone | Constricts arterioles
49
If aldosterone retains Na what happens?
K is excreted
50
When does the RASS system stop?
When Renin is not being produced anymore | Renin stops when BP increases
51
Where is ADH secreted from?
Posterior Pituitary
52
A cell in a Hypotonic solution would ___
Swell
53
A cell in a Hypertonic solution would ___
Shrink
54
A cell in a Isotonic solution would ____
Stay the same
55
Thirst perception is triggered by ___ receptors
Osmolality receptors
56
A Hypertonic solution is characterized by:
Hypernatremia | Greater than 145 mEq/L
57
A hypotonic solution is characterized by:
Hyponatremia | Less than 135 mEq/L
58
Hyponatremia is most common in ___
Elderly
59
What is the most efficient regulator of K?
The kidneys
60
Abnormal K level are mostly found as __
Cardiac findings/problems | Think "Cardiac"
61
Trousseau's Sign
When BP cuff is inflated - hand will torque (curl inward)
62
Chvostek's Sign
When face is poked under eye socket - face twitches
63
What must be treated first before you can treat Hypocalcemia?
Hypomagnesemia
64
If you have hypomagnesemia what other problem will you have?
Hypocalcemia | Same with Hyper

Pathophysiology (12 decks)

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