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Pathophysiology > Hormonal Regualtion > Flashcards

Hormonal Regualtion Flashcards

1
Q

Tropic Hormones

A

Act on endocrine glands rather than target cells

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2
Q

Where are most tropic hormones produced?

A

Anterior pituitary gland

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3
Q

Examples of tropic hormones

A

TSH
ACTH
LH
FSH

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4
Q

Non-tropic hormones

A

Act on target cells, not glands

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5
Q

4 Types of Feedback systems

A

Negative Feedback
Positive Feedback
Biological Rhythm
CNS

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6
Q

Negative feedback

A

Most common; maintains homeostasis

When mets threshold, shuts down production

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7
Q

Positive Feedback

A

Not used to maintain homeostasis

Hormone production is promoted past threshold

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8
Q

Example of Negative feedback system

A

Thyroid hormone production

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9
Q

Example of positive feedback system

A

Oxytocin for childbirth

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10
Q

Example of Biological rhythm

A

Circadian rhythm

Menstrual cycles

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11
Q

Example of CNS feedback system

A

Fight or Flight

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12
Q

Another name for the anterior pituitary

A

Adenohypophysis

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13
Q

Another name for the posterior pituitary

A

Neurohypophysis

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14
Q

How do the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland communicate with each other?

A

Specialized neurovascular tissue called the hypothalamus-hypophyseal portal system

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15
Q

Anterior Pituitary gland secrets what hormones

A 
GH - Growth hormone
PRL - Prolactin
ACTH
TSH - Thyroid Stimulating hormone
FSH - follicle stimulating hormone
LH - Luteinizing hormone
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16
Q

Does the posterior pituitary gland manufacture hormones?

A

No, it just stores them

ADH and OXY are synthesized by the hypothalamus but released by the posterior pituitary

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17
Q

Primary endocrine dysfunction

A

Dysfunction at the endocrine gland itself

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18
Q

Secondary endocrine dysfunction

A

Dysfunction occurring at the pituitary gland

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19
Q

Tertiary endocrine dysfunction

A

Dysfunction occurring at the hypothalamus

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20
Q

Example of hormone deficiency

A

Type 1 Diabetes

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21
Q

Hormone Deficiency

A

Cause of glandular destruction

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22
Q

Hormone Excess

A

Causes by tumor growth, autoimmune, or mutation

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23
Q

Example of Hormone Excess

A

Grave’s disease

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24
Q

Example of Hormone Resistence

A

Type 2 Diabetes

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25
Q

Hormone Resistence

A

Genetically inherited

Receptor site not taking the hormone

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26
Q

Most common cause of a primary endocrine disorder

A

Autoimmune disease

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27
Q

Hypofunction

A

Occurs when there is an inadequate amount of hormone secreted by the gland

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28
Q

Hyperfunction

A

Occurs when there is an excessive amount of hormone secreted by the gland

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29
Q

Hypopituitary Signs and Symptoms are dependent on __

A

Which tropic hormones are not being secreted

30
Q

Most serious concerns with Hypopituitarism

A 
Adrenal insufficiencies 
Diabetes Insipidus (from lack of ADH)
31
Q

Test to diagnos Hypopituitarism

A

Corticotropin Stimulation Test
Measures Cortisol level before and after the administration of ACTH
Normally the cortisol level should rise 30-60 minutes after administration

32
Q

Central Diabete Insipidus

A

Caused by lack of secretion of ADH from the PP

Trauma or brain injury

33
Q

Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus

A

When the kidneys fails to respond to ADH

Ischemia of kidney

34
Q

Signs and symptoms of DI

A

Polyuria
Dilute urine
Hypernatremia
Dehydration

35
Q

One key factor to distinguish DM from DI

A

Serum glucose os elevated in DM but not in DI

36
Q

Most common cause of hyperpituitarism

A

Pituitary adenoma

37
Q

SADH

A

Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH

38
Q

What does SADH cause?

A

Excessive production of ADH > Excessive water reaborption

39
Q

Signs and Symptoms of SADH

A 
Concentrated urine
Hypervolemia
Slowed reflexes
Edema
Seizures
Hyponatremia
40
Q

Causes of SADH

A

Brain injury/surgery

Cancer

41
Q

Tests of diagnos SADH

A

Na measurements
Urine Specific Gravity
Hematocrit

42
Q

Goiter

A

An enlargement of the thyroid gland

43
Q

What can stimulate a goiter?

A

Low iodine levels > Excessive TSH (attempt to compensate for iodine levels)

44
Q

What disease is associated with Hypothyroidism?

A

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

45
Q

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

A

Autoimmune disorder

Most common cause of Hypothyroidism

46
Q

What is a hallmark sign of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis?

A

Antibodies: Anti-TPO

47
Q

Signs and symptoms of Hypothyroidism

A 
Cold intolerance
Weight gain
Puffy face
Hair loss
Brittle nails
48
Q

Diagnosis tests for Hypothyroidism

A

High TSH levels

Low T3 and T4

49
Q

What disease is associated with Hyperthyroidism?

A

Grave’s Disease

50
Q

Grave’s Disease

A

Autoimmune disorder

Most common cause of hyperthyroidism

51
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Hyperthyroidism

A

Nervousness
Sensitivity to heat
Weight loss
Exophthalmos

52
Q

Diagnosis tests for Hyperthyroidism

A

Low TSH
High T3 and T4
Measurements of iodine uptake (^ in Grave’s Disease)

53
Q

Adrenal Cortex

A

Secrets corticosteriods (cortisol) , androgens ( testosterone), and mineralocorticosteriods (aldosterone)

54
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

Secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

55
Q

Process of hormone release from the adrenal gland

A

Hypothalamus secretes CRF to the pituitary which releases ACTH to stimulate the adrenal gland

56
Q

What is a disease that is associated with Adrenal insufficiency?

A

Addison’s disease

57
Q

Addison’s Disease

A

Autoimmune destruction of the adrenal gland
Both cortex and medulla effected
Increased ACTH, melanocytes (Bronze color)

58
Q

Sign’s and Symptoms of Adrenal Insufficiency

A 
Weakness
Hypotension
Bronze skin color
Hypoglycemia
Dehydration
Hyperkalemia
Hyponatremia
59
Q

Diagnosis tests for Adrenal Insufficiency

A

Rapid ACTH Test

60
Q

Rapid ACTH Test

A

Patient is administered ACTH and there should be a rise in cortisol with 15-30 minutes - if this occurs there is normal kidney function

61
Q

What disease is associated with Hyperadrenalism

A

Cushing Syndrome

62
Q

Cushing Syndrome

A

Caused by hyperactive adrenal gland resulting in high levels of cortisol in the blood

63
Q

Cushing Disease

A

A tumor of the pituitary gland that produces large amounts of ACTH resulting in excessive cortisol production

64
Q

Which is more common: Cushing syndrome or Cushing disease?

A

Cushing syndrome

65
Q

Cushing Syndrome is an example of what kind of endocrine disorder?

A

Primary

66
Q

Cushing disease is an example of what kind of endocrine disorder?

A

Secondary

67
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Hyperadrenalism

A 
Weight gain
Moon-face
Buffalo Hump
Apple-shaped fat distribution
Striae
Hyperkalemia
68
Q

Diagnosis tests for Hyperadrenalism

A

Dexamethasone Suppression Test

69
Q

Carney Complex

A

A genetic disorder that includes hyperplasia of the adrenal gland which causes Cushing’s Syndrome

70
Q

McCure-Albright Syndrome

A

A rare cause of hyperfunction of the adrenal gland that leads to Cushing’s syndrome

71
Q

What is the most common cause of Cushing’s syndrome?

A

Excessive Steroid use

Pathophysiology (12 decks)

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