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Hormonal Regualtion Flashcards

1
Q

Tropic Hormones

A

Act on endocrine glands rather than target cells

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2
Q

Where are most tropic hormones produced?

A

Anterior pituitary gland

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3
Q

Examples of tropic hormones

A

TSH
ACTH
LH
FSH

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4
Q

Non-tropic hormones

A

Act on target cells, not glands

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5
Q

4 Types of Feedback systems

A

Negative Feedback
Positive Feedback
Biological Rhythm
CNS

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6
Q

Negative feedback

A

Most common; maintains homeostasis

When mets threshold, shuts down production

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7
Q

Positive Feedback

A

Not used to maintain homeostasis

Hormone production is promoted past threshold

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8
Q

Example of Negative feedback system

A

Thyroid hormone production

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9
Q

Example of positive feedback system

A

Oxytocin for childbirth

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10
Q

Example of Biological rhythm

A

Circadian rhythm

Menstrual cycles

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11
Q

Example of CNS feedback system

A

Fight or Flight

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12
Q

Another name for the anterior pituitary

A

Adenohypophysis

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13
Q

Another name for the posterior pituitary

A

Neurohypophysis

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14
Q

How do the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland communicate with each other?

A

Specialized neurovascular tissue called the hypothalamus-hypophyseal portal system

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15
Q

Anterior Pituitary gland secrets what hormones

A 
GH - Growth hormone
PRL - Prolactin
ACTH
TSH - Thyroid Stimulating hormone
FSH - follicle stimulating hormone
LH - Luteinizing hormone
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16
Q

Does the posterior pituitary gland manufacture hormones?

A

No, it just stores them

ADH and OXY are synthesized by the hypothalamus but released by the posterior pituitary

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17
Q

Primary endocrine dysfunction

A

Dysfunction at the endocrine gland itself

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18
Q

Secondary endocrine dysfunction

A

Dysfunction occurring at the pituitary gland

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19
Q

Tertiary endocrine dysfunction

A

Dysfunction occurring at the hypothalamus

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20
Q

Example of hormone deficiency

A

Type 1 Diabetes

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21
Q

Hormone Deficiency

A

Cause of glandular destruction

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22
Q

Hormone Excess

A

Causes by tumor growth, autoimmune, or mutation

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23
Q

Example of Hormone Excess

A

Grave’s disease

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24
Q

Example of Hormone Resistence

A

Type 2 Diabetes

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25
Hormone Resistence
Genetically inherited | Receptor site not taking the hormone
26
Most common cause of a primary endocrine disorder
Autoimmune disease
27
Hypofunction
Occurs when there is an inadequate amount of hormone secreted by the gland
28
Hyperfunction
Occurs when there is an excessive amount of hormone secreted by the gland
29
Hypopituitary Signs and Symptoms are dependent on __
Which tropic hormones are not being secreted
30
Most serious concerns with Hypopituitarism
``` Adrenal insufficiencies Diabetes Insipidus (from lack of ADH) ```
31
Test to diagnos Hypopituitarism
Corticotropin Stimulation Test Measures Cortisol level before and after the administration of ACTH Normally the cortisol level should rise 30-60 minutes after administration
32
Central Diabete Insipidus
Caused by lack of secretion of ADH from the PP | Trauma or brain injury
33
Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus
When the kidneys fails to respond to ADH | Ischemia of kidney
34
Signs and symptoms of DI
Polyuria Dilute urine Hypernatremia Dehydration
35
One key factor to distinguish DM from DI
Serum glucose os elevated in DM but not in DI
36
Most common cause of hyperpituitarism
Pituitary adenoma
37
SADH
Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH
38
What does SADH cause?
Excessive production of ADH > Excessive water reaborption
39
Signs and Symptoms of SADH
``` Concentrated urine Hypervolemia Slowed reflexes Edema Seizures Hyponatremia ```
40
Causes of SADH
Brain injury/surgery | Cancer
41
Tests of diagnos SADH
Na measurements Urine Specific Gravity Hematocrit
42
Goiter
An enlargement of the thyroid gland
43
What can stimulate a goiter?
Low iodine levels > Excessive TSH (attempt to compensate for iodine levels)
44
What disease is associated with Hypothyroidism?
Hashimoto's thyroiditis
45
Hashimoto's thyroiditis
Autoimmune disorder | Most common cause of Hypothyroidism
46
What is a hallmark sign of Hashimoto's thyroiditis?
Antibodies: Anti-TPO
47
Signs and symptoms of Hypothyroidism
``` Cold intolerance Weight gain Puffy face Hair loss Brittle nails ```
48
Diagnosis tests for Hypothyroidism
High TSH levels | Low T3 and T4
49
What disease is associated with Hyperthyroidism?
Grave's Disease
50
Grave's Disease
Autoimmune disorder | Most common cause of hyperthyroidism
51
Signs and Symptoms of Hyperthyroidism
Nervousness Sensitivity to heat Weight loss Exophthalmos
52
Diagnosis tests for Hyperthyroidism
Low TSH High T3 and T4 Measurements of iodine uptake (^ in Grave's Disease)
53
Adrenal Cortex
Secrets corticosteriods (cortisol) , androgens ( testosterone), and mineralocorticosteriods (aldosterone)
54
Adrenal Medulla
Secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
55
Process of hormone release from the adrenal gland
Hypothalamus secretes CRF to the pituitary which releases ACTH to stimulate the adrenal gland
56
What is a disease that is associated with Adrenal insufficiency?
Addison's disease
57
Addison's Disease
Autoimmune destruction of the adrenal gland Both cortex and medulla effected Increased ACTH, melanocytes (Bronze color)
58
Sign's and Symptoms of Adrenal Insufficiency
``` Weakness Hypotension Bronze skin color Hypoglycemia Dehydration Hyperkalemia Hyponatremia ```
59
Diagnosis tests for Adrenal Insufficiency
Rapid ACTH Test
60
Rapid ACTH Test
Patient is administered ACTH and there should be a rise in cortisol with 15-30 minutes - if this occurs there is normal kidney function
61
What disease is associated with Hyperadrenalism
Cushing Syndrome
62
Cushing Syndrome
Caused by hyperactive adrenal gland resulting in high levels of cortisol in the blood
63
Cushing Disease
A tumor of the pituitary gland that produces large amounts of ACTH resulting in excessive cortisol production
64
Which is more common: Cushing syndrome or Cushing disease?
Cushing syndrome
65
Cushing Syndrome is an example of what kind of endocrine disorder?
Primary
66
Cushing disease is an example of what kind of endocrine disorder?
Secondary
67
Signs and Symptoms of Hyperadrenalism
``` Weight gain Moon-face Buffalo Hump Apple-shaped fat distribution Striae Hyperkalemia ```
68
Diagnosis tests for Hyperadrenalism
Dexamethasone Suppression Test
69
Carney Complex
A genetic disorder that includes hyperplasia of the adrenal gland which causes Cushing's Syndrome
70
McCure-Albright Syndrome
A rare cause of hyperfunction of the adrenal gland that leads to Cushing's syndrome
71
What is the most common cause of Cushing's syndrome?
Excessive Steroid use

Pathophysiology (12 decks)

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