Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathophysiology > Elimination > Flashcards

Elimination Flashcards

1
Q

The basic unit of the Kidney

A

The nephron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the glomerulus?

A

Cluster of capillaries that filter blood into the Bowman’s capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is GFR?

A

Glomerular Filteration Rate

90-120 ml/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

GFR is directly related to ___

A

Kidney Perfusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

GFR diminishes with __

A

Age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What age is the peak of kidney function?

A

30 years old

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is Urea?

A

Bodily wastes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

High blood urea nitrogen (BUN) is

A

Azotemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What 3 things increase BUN

A

The kidney dysfunctions
High protein diet is consumed
Dehydration concentrate blood urea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Aldosterone

A

Increases Na retention from nephron tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

A

Increases water retention from nephron tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Indicators for Kidney function

A

Serum creatinine
BUN
Creatinine clearance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is creatinine?

A

a breakdown product of muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does Creatinine clearance require?

A

Blod sample
Urine sample
24-hour urine volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

A decrease in creatinine clearance indicate what?

A

Decrease in GFR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

High serum creatinine indicates what?

A

Kidney dysfunction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Why is BUN not tested alone?

A

There can be variations in people who are more muscular or have a high protein diet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Cystoscopy

A

invasive scope into the urethra and bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Why is ultrasound used to examine kidney function?

A

Visualize amount of urine in bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Urinaylsis

A

If high positive leukocyte esterase indicates bladder/kidney infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

IVP

A

Intravenous Pyelogram - type of radioactive dye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is IVP used to detect?

A

Kidney stones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Urine Culture looks for a certain amount of ___

A

Colony forming units - indicates bacteria in urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)

A

An abrupt insult to the kidney that causes a rapid decrease in renal filtration function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the most common cause of AKI

A

Ischemia of the kidney > Necrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Prerenal dysfunction

A

Caused by decreased blood flow and perfusion to the kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Prerenal Dysfunction examples

A

Hypertension
Low CO
Hemorrhagic bleeding
Heart failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Intrarenal dysfunction

A

Develops secondary to actual injuries to the kidneys itself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Intrarenal dysfunction examples

A

Trauma
Nephrotoxic drugs (NSAIDS)
Glomerulonephritis
Acute tubule necrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Postrenal dysfunction

A

Related to obstruction of urine flow from kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Postrenal dysfunction examples

A

Kidney Stones

Prostate Gland Hyperplasia (PBH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

4 Phases of AKI

A

Initial Insult
Oliguria
Diuresis
Recovery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Initial Insult

A

Pre, intra, or post condition that disrupts kidney function

34
Q

Oliguria

A

Low GFR
Lack urine output
Fluid overload

35
Q

Diuresis

A

Large unconcentrated urine outflow

Kidneys not concentrating urine properly

36
Q

Recovery

A

Healthy nephrons take over function of damaged nephrons

Normal kidney function resumes

37
Q

Hydronephrosis

A

Kidney has fluid backup - Edema

Usually with POSTrenal dysfunction

38
Q

Acute Tubular Necrosis

A

Most common cause fo AKI

39
Q

When does ATN occur?

A

Lumen of nephron tubules become blocked due to sloughing off of lumen cells

40
Q

If not treated what does ATN lead to?

A

Renal Failure

41
Q

Common Signs of Kidney Disorder

A

Costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness
Proteinuria
Hematuria

42
Q

Proteinuria a sign of injury where in the kidneys?

A

Glomerular injury

43
Q

Low albumin (proteins) in the blood leads to decreased ___ pressure

A

Oncotic (Blood flow into the vessels from the tissues)

44
Q

Decreased oncotic pressure leads to ___

A

Edema

45
Q

Why does edema occur with decreased oncotic pressure?

A

Decreased Oncotic pressure results in overwhelming hydrostatic pressure (blood flow into the tissues)

46
Q

What amount of urine output is classified as Oliguria?

A

Lower the 400 mL/day

Lower that 20 mL/hour

47
Q

Stagnant urine is immediately considered what?

A

Medium for bacteria growth

48
Q

Stagnant urine can also cause ___

A

Calcium formation > Kidney stones

49
Q

Most common causes of End-Stage Renal Disease & Chronic Kidney Disease

A

Uncontrolled hypertension

Diabetes

50
Q

Stage 1 of Chronic Kidney Disease

A

Greater than 90mL/min

51
Q

Stage 2 of Chronic Kidney Disease

A

60-89 mL/min

52
Q

Stage 3 of Chronic Kidney Disease

A

30-59 mL/min

53
Q

Stage 4 of Chronic Kidney Disease

A

15-29 mL/min

54
Q

Stage 5 of Chronic Kidney Disease

A

Lower than 15 mL/min

55
Q

When is Chronic Kidney Disease considered serious

A

If less than 60 mL/min

Stage 3-5

56
Q

BPH is __

A

Compression of the urethra by the hyperplasia of the prostate gland in males

57
Q

Percent chance of 60 yr olds to get BPH

A

50%

58
Q

Percent chance of 70 yr olds to get BPH

A

90%

59
Q

BPH begins at what age?

A

40 yrs old

60
Q

Risk factors for BPH

A

Male
Age
Black Males
Obesity

61
Q

Most common sign of BPH

A

Bladder outflow obstruction

62
Q

Symptoms of BPH

A

Difficulty starting urination
Interruption of stream
Incomplete emptying of bladder

63
Q

Villi are located where in the GI tract?

A

Small Intestine

64
Q

Villi have what on them?

A

Microvilli & Goblet cells

65
Q

Microvilli purpose

A

“Brush Border

Double the surface area > increase absorbent capacity of the small intestine

66
Q

Goblet Cells purpose

A

Release enzymes
Secrete mucus
Absorb nutrients

67
Q

Upper Endoscopy

A

Scope down the esophagus

Can look at Esophagus, Stomach, & Small Intestine

68
Q

Sigmoidoscopy/Colonoscopy

A

Scope up the rectum

Looks at Large intestine

69
Q

Taenia Coli

A

Longitudinal muscle bands of Large intestine

70
Q

Haustra

A

Circular muscle layer that separates the colon into segments

71
Q

Large Intestine Function

A

Absorption of water & electrolytes

Excretion

72
Q

Peristalsis

A

Contraction and relaxation of muscles in the intestine to push contents forward

73
Q

If peristalsis is slow you will have ___

A

Hard, dry stool

74
Q

If peristalsis is fast you will have ___

A

Watery, liquid stool

75
Q

Ulcerative Colitis

A

Only effects Large Intestine
Moves from rectum up
Pseudopolyps
Predispose to colon cancer

76
Q

Chron’s Disease

A

Effects any of the GI tract
Cobblestoning
Genetic

77
Q

Peak ages for UC

A

15-25 yrs. old

55-65 yrs. old

78
Q

UC increases ____ response

A

Inflammatory

79
Q

UC symptoms

A 
Blood in Stool
Diarrhea
Dehydration
Abdominal distension
Fever
80
Q

UC Treatment

A

Corticosteroids
Anti-inflammatories
Rehydration
Surgical options (if severe)

81
Q

UC Primary Prevention

A 
Emptying bladder on first urge
Exercise
Not smoking
Normal BMI
Regular elimination habits
82
Q

UC Secondary Prevention

A

Screen for blood in stool
Colonoscopy (ages 50-75)
Prostate cancer screening

Pathophysiology (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions