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PLANT > Storage Systems (7) > Flashcards

Storage Systems (7) Flashcards

1
Q

3 vegetative organs?

A

• Leaf.
• Stem.
• Root.

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2
Q

Types of tissue? (4)

A

• Meristematic tissue.
• Ground tissue.
• Dermal tissue.
• Vascular tissue.

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3
Q

Meristematic tissue classifications? (3)

A

• Apical meristem.
• Primary meristem.
• Lateral meristem.

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4
Q

Primary meristems? (3)

A

• Procambium.
• Protoderm.
• Ground meristem.

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5
Q

Lateral meristems? (2)

A

• Vascular cambium.
• Cork cambium.

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6
Q

Ground tissue classifications? (3)

A

• Pith.
• Cortex.
• Mesophyll.

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7
Q

Dermal classifications? (2)

A

• Epidermis.
• Periderm.

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8
Q

Periderms? (3)

A

• Cork.
• Cork cambium.
• Phelloderm.

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9
Q

Vascular tissue classifications? (2)

A

• Xylem.
• Phloem.

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10
Q

Ground tissue functions? (5)

A

• Food or water storage.
• Photosynthesis.
• Respiration.
• Support.
• Mechanical protection.

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11
Q

Ground tissue cell composition?

A

Parenchyma cells.

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12
Q

Where do we find parenchyma cells?

A

In all tissues, esp. ground tissue.

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13
Q

Parenchyma cells characteristics? (4)

A

• Thin primary cell wall.
• Polyhedral shape.
• Large vacuole.
• Leat specialized cell.

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14
Q

Parenchyma cells functions? (4)

A

• Photosynthesis.
• Water storage.
• Food storage.
• Respiration.

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15
Q

During what stage are parenchyma cells alive?

A

Alive at maturity.

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16
Q

Results of parenchyma cells being least specialized cells? (3)

A

• Show totipotency best.
• Wound healing.
• Vegetative propagation.

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17
Q

Primary function of leaves?

A

Photosynthesis.

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18
Q

Chlorophyll function?

A

Plant food production.

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19
Q

Chlorophyll location?

A

Chloroplasts.

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20
Q

Chloroplasts location?

A

In the leaves.

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21
Q

Results of photosynthesis?

A

Chlorophyll converts water, sunlight and CO2 that are captured by chloroplasts into sugars to be used immediately or stored.

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22
Q

Glucose?

A

= the simple sugar that is produced through photosynthesis & is metabolized into different energy forms depending on the specific needs of the plant.

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23
Q

Products of photosynthesis? (2)

A

• Glucose.
• Oxygen.

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24
Q

Inputs of photosynthesis? (3)

A

• CO2.
• H2O.
• Sunlight.

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25
Q

Chloroplast labels from outer to inner? (12)

A

• Outer membrane.
• Intermembrane space.
• Inner membrane.
• Lipid droplet.
• Stroma.
• Chloroplast DNA.
• Ribosome.
• Starch granule.
• Thylakoid.
• Lamella.
• Granum.
• Lumen.

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26
Q

What do we find in the stroma of the chloroplast? (4)

A

• Lipid droplet.
• Ribosome.
• Starch granule.
• Chloroplast DNA.

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27
Q

Stem functions? (4)

A

• Storage (food & water).
• Photosynthesis.
• Support & display of leaves (for photosynthesis) and flowers (for pollination).
• Conduction between the leaves & roots via xylem and phloem.

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28
Q

Modified stems? (7)

A

• Succulence.
• Bulb.
• Tubers.
• Runners.
• Tendrils.
• Rhizomes.
• Thorns.

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29
Q

Succulence function?

A

Water storage.

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30
Q

Bulb?

A

= rosette stem with fleshy leaves.

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31
Q

Tubers?

A

= underground, swollen stem tips.

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32
Q

Tubers function?

A

Storage.

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33
Q

Tendril function?

A

To anchor climbing plants.

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34
Q

Runner?

A

= horizontal, above ground stem.

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35
Q

Rhizome?

A

= horizontal, under ground stem.

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36
Q

Thorns function?

A

Protection.

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37
Q

Fun fact about tendrils?

A

Some tendrils are modified leaves.

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38
Q

Eg of Succulence?

A

Cacti.

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39
Q

Eg of runner?

A

Strawberry.

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40
Q

Eg of rhizomes?

A

Iris.

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41
Q

Eg of bulb?

A

Onion.

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42
Q

Eg of tubers?

A

Potato.

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43
Q

Uses of stems? (8)

A

• Sugar cane.
• Flax.
• Lumber.
• Paper.
• Fuel.
• Spices.
• Medicines.
• Intact trees.

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44
Q

Use of stem for spices?

A

Cinnamon (from the bark).

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45
Q

Use of stems for medicines?

A

Quinine (from the bark).

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46
Q

Use of stems as intact trees? (3)

A

• Ceremonial.
• Commemorative.
• Shade.

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47
Q

Roots functions? (4)

A

• Storage (food & water).
• Comduction.
• Anchorage.
• Absorption of water & minerals.

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48
Q

Modified roots functions? (3)

A

• Storage.
• Propagation.
• Parasitism.

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49
Q

Eg of roots that function for storage? (2)

A

• Beetroot.
• Carrots.

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50
Q

Eg of roots that function for Propagation? (2)

A

• Apple.
• Adventitious buds of Aspen.

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51
Q

Eg of roots that function for Parasitism?

A

Haustoria of mistletoe.

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52
Q

Uses of roots? (6)

A

• Veggies.
• Staple food crops.
• Flavours.
• Drugs.
• Erosion control.
• Dyes.

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53
Q

Veggies use? (2)

A

• Carrots.
• Turnips.

54
Q

Staple food crops use? (2)

A

• Sweet potato.
• Cassava.

55
Q

Flavours use? (2)

A

• Licorice.
• Sarsaparilla.

56
Q

Drugs use? (2)

A

• Ipecac (treats poisoning).
• Ginseng (anti-inflammatory effect).

57
Q

Dyes use?

A

Madder.

58
Q

Where do plants store food/starch? (6)

A

• Leaves.
• Stems.
• Roots.
• Flowers.
• Fruits.
• Seeds.

59
Q

Where do plants store water & food?

A

The cell vacuoles.

60
Q

Vacuole full of water?

A

Turgid.

61
Q

What happens when a vacuole is full of water? Explain process (2)

A

• The cells become rigid & firm.
• The vacuole then pushes out on the cell membrane & cell wall

62
Q

Where is food stored in plant cells?

A

The plant cell’s central vacuole.

63
Q

Which plants store food in their leaves? (3)

A

• Cabbage.
• Spinach.
• Lettuce.

64
Q

Which plants store food in their seeds? (3)

A

• Wheat.
• Rice.
• Peas.

65
Q

Which plants store food in their stems?

A

Sugar cane.

66
Q

Why do plants store food & water? (2)

A

• As a survival measure because most plants cannot make food in the winter.

• As a survival measure because in dry periods plants may not be able to get all the water they need from the soil.

67
Q

What is starch?

A

= a complex carbohydrate that can be broken down into a simple carbohydrate, glucose.

68
Q

Where do plants store their extra food?

A

• Leaves.
• Stems.
• Roots.
• Seeds.

69
Q

What is stored in plants?

A

Starch.

70
Q

Where is starch stored in the leaves? (2)

A

• Stroma of the chloroplasts.
• Cytoplasm of leaves.

71
Q

Only part of a plant that doesn’t store food?

A

Flowers (the reproductive part).

72
Q

What do plants use glucose for? (2)

A

• For energy.
• To make other substances like cellulose & starch.

73
Q

What is cellulose used for?

A

In building cell walls.

74
Q

Which plants store food in their roots?

A

Carrots.

75
Q

Where do plants store energy during photosynthesis?

A

Chloroplasts.

76
Q

Which part of plant is used for animal/human consumption? (4)

A

• Leaves.
• Stems.
• Roots.
• Fruits.

77
Q

Where does photosynthesis take place?

A

Chloroplasts.

78
Q

Why do plants need food? (2)

A

• Proper growth of their bodies.
• Nutrition for their bodies.

79
Q

Where does the cactus plant make & store its food?

A

The stem.

80
Q

Why is food stored in the roots of some plants?

A

To strengthen the root.

81
Q

Where do plants get energy to make food?

A

Sunlight.

82
Q

What is a food storage organ?

A

= the leaves, stems, roots and bulbs found underground where the plant grows.

83
Q

Food storage organ function?

A

Food storage during winter periods & drought periods.

84
Q

Types of food storage organs? (5)

A

• Rhizome.
• Bulb.
• Tuber.
• Roots.
• Corm.

85
Q

How do storage organs help plants survive?

A

By storing nutrients that are not being used and can be used when needed.

86
Q

Plants in which storage organs are found? (2)

A

• Biennials.
• Perennials.

87
Q

Lifespan of plants that rely on a bulb as a storage organ?

A

Short.

88
Q

Where do bulbs develop from? (2)

A

• Stems.
• Leaves.

89
Q

Where is tuber formed from? (2)

A

• Stem.
• Roots.

90
Q

Where are corms formed from?

A

Stems.

91
Q

Benefits of using corms? (2)

A

To survive harsh conditions like fire & cold weather.

92
Q

Why are food storage organs important?

A

They act as a storage house for nutrients.

93
Q

2 extra storage organs?

A

• Leaf succulents.
• Stem succulents.

94
Q

Eg of leaf succulents?

A

Crassula arborescens.

95
Q

Eg of stem succulents?

A

Mexican lime cactus.

96
Q

Cell sap?

A

= dilute fluid inside a plant cell vacuole that contains water, amino acids, glucose, enzymes, ions and salts.

97
Q

Cell sap functions? (2)

A

• Storage for materials.
• Provides mechanical support.

98
Q

Elaborate reserves?

A

= products of photosynthesis & other anabolic processes that are not immediately used in growth.

99
Q

Elaborated reserves functions?

A

• Used after a period of dormancy to support new growth.
• Used to attract animals that facilitate seed dispersal.

100
Q

What do elaborated reserves accumulate as?

A

Crystals.

101
Q

2 forms of these Crystals?

A

• Starch.
• Aleurone grains.

102
Q

Anatomy of a grain? (10)

A

• Brush.
• Aleurone layer.
• Hyaline layer (1st flap from top).
• Testa/Seed coat (2nd flap from top).
• Inner pericarp (3rd flap from top).
• Outer pericarp (4th flap from top).
• Endosperm (inner dominant).
• Scrutellum (outer embryo layer).
• Embryo (the “egg yolk”).
• Hull (outermost layer covering everything).

103
Q

Components of the Bran? (5)

A

• Aleurone layer.
• Hyaline layer.
• Testa/Seed coat.
• Inner pericarp.
• Outer pericarp.

104
Q

Inside endosperm?

A

Starch.

105
Q

Germ components? (2)

A

• Scutellum.
• Embryo.

106
Q

Amides functions? (2)

A

• Development of plant secondary metabolites.
• Defense against environmental stresses.

107
Q

Amides?

A

Components of plant secondary metabolites.

108
Q

Most important plant protein?

A

RUBISCO protein.

109
Q

What is dispersed in the cytoplasm? (2)

A

• Sugars.
• Fatty oils.

110
Q

Areas of sugar storage? (3)

A

• Roots.
• Tubers.
• Bulbs.

111
Q

Oil bodies?

A

= lipid storage compartments that occur in seeds and senescing leaves.

112
Q

What do environmental conditions such as dark & extreme temperatures do?

A

Induce oil body formation.

113
Q

During which stages are oil bodies degraded? (2)

A

• Seed germination.
• Subsequent seedling growth.

114
Q

What degrades oil bodies?

A

Glyoxysomal enzymes.

115
Q

Why are oil bodies degraded?

A

To release stored energy.

116
Q

Which leaves have more oil bodies?

A

Senescent leaves.

117
Q

Why are senescent leaves more preferred in the industry?

A

They produce more oils.

118
Q

Process of oil bodies degrading? (3)

A

• As seedling develops, oils bodies are broken down into energy.

• This energy is used by the tree as it matures.

• As the tree gets old/ages, the oil bodies are then regained from the mitochondria, chloroplasts and other plant organelles.

119
Q

Specialized parenchyma? (3)

A

• Fruits.
• Seeds.
• Asexual reproductive structures.

120
Q

Parenchyma cells function?

A

To store ions, water and all photosynthesis products.

121
Q

Main structures that enable storage in seeds?(3)

A

• Endosperm.
• Aleurone layer.
• Cotyledons.

122
Q

Asexual reproductive structures? (4)

A

• Bulbs.
• Corms.
• Tubers.
• Storage roots.

123
Q

Where is Fructose found?

A

Fruits.

124
Q

Where is Glucose found?

A

Veggies.

125
Q

Where is Dextrose found?

A

Veggies.

126
Q

What sugar types do veggies have? (2)

A

• Glucose.
• Dextrose.

127
Q

What sugar type do Fruits have?

A

Fructose.

128
Q

Corn labels (8) [From top to bottom]

A

• Endosperm (white).
• Pericarp & seed coat.
• Cotyledon.
• Coleoptile.
• First leaves.
• Apical meristem.
• Embryonic root.
• Apical meristem.

129
Q

Epicotyl components? (2)

A

• First leaves.
• Apical meristem.

130
Q

Embryo components? (4)

A

• Cotyledon.
• Coleoptile.
• Epicotyl.
• Embryonic root.

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