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PLANT > Protective Systems (5) > Flashcards

Protective Systems (5) Flashcards

1
Q

What must plants protect themselves from to survive? (5)

A
  • Disease.
  • Dessication.
  • Herbivory.
  • Temperature extremes.
  • Excess insolution (includes UV radiation).
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2
Q

What is Dessication?

A

= the process of drying or the removal of water in plants.

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3
Q

What is Herbivory?

A

= the act if eating plants which occurs above & below ground.

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4
Q

What is insolation?

A

= amount of solar radiation a surface is exposed to.

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5
Q

How do all the things that plants need to protect themselves from relate?

A

They are external environmental factors that interact with internal living plant cells (biotic interact with biotic factors).

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6
Q

Protective anatomical features are often seen where on the plant?

A

At the interface between plant organs & the external environment.

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7
Q

Protective anatomical features = … ?

A

Surface of organ.

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8
Q

First lines of defense? (2) Elaborate & provide AKA.

A

● Epidermis
= primary plant body.
AKA Cuticle.

● Periderm
= secondary plant body.
AKA Bark.

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9
Q

Protection against Herbivory? (3)

A
  • Thorns.
  • Spines.
  • Prickles.
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10
Q

Thorns?

A

= sclerified pointed stems.

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11
Q

Spines?

A

= sclerified pointed leaves.

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12
Q

Prickles?

A

= sclerified pointed trichomes.

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13
Q

Sclerified/Sclerification?

A

= the thickening & lignification of plant cells’ wallsand the subsequent dying off of the protoplasts.

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14
Q

Protection against extreme temperature? (2)

A
  • Underground stems.

* Dessicated seeds.

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15
Q

List underground stems? (3)

A
  • Tubers.
  • Corms with contractile roots.
  • Bulbs with contractile roots.
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16
Q

What are dessicated seeds?

A

= dried up seeds.

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17
Q

Protection against Dessication? (2)

A
  • Bud scales.

* Dense trichomes on young leaf primordia.

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18
Q

Types of bud scales? (3)

A
  • Sclerified.
  • Tightly packed.
  • Often with resin.
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19
Q

Primordia?

A

=

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20
Q

How does Dessication happen?

A
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21
Q

What are the climate change implications on plants?

A

Force plants to adapt to unexpected environmental conditions.

22
Q

What are the types of diseases that affect plants?

A
  • Bacterial plant diseases.
  • Viral plant disease.
  • Fungal plant diseases.
23
Q

What is a Cuticle?

A

Waxy covering on the surface of stems and leaves.

24
Q

What is a Cuticle composed of?

A

Unique polymers cutin/ cutan impregnated with wax.

25
Q

How does sclerification happen?

A
26
Q

What are trichomes?

A

= structures/epidermal appendages found on the stems & leaves of plants.

27
Q

How do dessicated seeds serve as a form of protection?

A

By protecting seeds from excessive water loss during drought conditions.

28
Q

How do trichomes serve as a form of protection?

A
29
Q

What does the Cuticle do? (4)

A
  • Protects against airborne bacteria & fungi.
  • Wax decreases wettability of plant surface.
  • Minimizes water loss.
  • Reduces pathogen entry due to their waxy secretion.
30
Q

Fun fact about Cuticle?

A

Extremely resistant to decay processes.

- often it plant part is left in fossil record.

31
Q

Function of sclerification? (2)

A
  • Increases solidity of plant’s organs.

* Increases plant’s resistance to disease agents.

32
Q

What 2 kinds of cells tend to be subjected to sclerification?

A
  • Parenchyma cells.

* Epidermal cells.

33
Q

What is the result of parenchyma cells often being subjected to sclerification?

A

Converted/turned to sclereids.

34
Q

Where does sclerification occur in woody plants?

A

Outer layers of bark.

35
Q

Result of sclerification in woody plants?

A

Affects cells of phloem & radial parenchyma.

36
Q

Egs of plant diseases? (3)

A

• Blight.
• Mildew.
•

37
Q

Effects of the plant diseases? Indications? (5)

A 
Sudden & severe:
• Yellowing,
• Browning,
• Spotting,
• Withering, or
• Dying of leaves, flowers, fruit, stems or the entire plant.
38
Q

What do cellulose & lignin do?

A

Maintain plants’ physical structure & support.

39
Q

Describe cellulose & lignin as a collective? (4)

A
  • Complex compounds.
  • Tough.
  • Not water soluble.
  • Difficult to digest.
40
Q

Kinds of sclereids? (4)

A
  • Seed sclereids.
  • Leaf sclereids.
  • Fruit sclereids.
  • Spines, thorns & prickles.
41
Q

Eg of fruit sclereids?

A

Apple’s inner coating over its seeds.

42
Q

Eg of seed sclereids?

A

Butter beans.

43
Q

Difference between excretion & secretion?

A

● Excretion = removal of waste from body.

● Secretion = the movement of materials within the body.

44
Q

Secretion?

A

= movement of materials within the body.

45
Q

Excretion?

A

= removal of waste from the body.

46
Q

Types of sclereids? (6)

A
  • Macro-sclereids.
  • Osteo-sclereids.
  • Astro-sclereids.
  • Brachy-sclereids.
  • Tricho-sclereids.
  • Filiform sclereids.
47
Q

What do trichomes do?

A

Store & secrete secondary metabolites.

48
Q

Fun fact for trichomes?

A

Trichomes come in different shapes & purposes!

49
Q

Egs of trichomes? (3)

A
  • Bulbous trichomes.
  • Capitate-stalked trichomes.
  • Capitate sessile trichomes.
50
Q

What does a scent in a plant mean?

A

It means that trichomes are present on the plant.

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