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PLANT > Plant Water Relations (11) > Flashcards

Plant Water Relations (11) Flashcards

1
Q

Water properties? (6)

A

• Cytoplasm is mostly water.
• Is the solvent in which all biochemical reactions occur.
• Transparent.
• Transports nutrients.
• Molecules are bonded to each other (cohesion).
• H-bonds essential for transport in xylem (cohesion & adhesion).

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2
Q

General water features? (5)

A

• Exists in 3 states.
• Used by plants in the liquid phase.
• H-bonds.
• Covalent bonds.
• Water vapour is higher

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3
Q

The 3 states of water?

A

• Solid.
• Liquid.
• Gas.

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4
Q

Why do the states exist?

A

Due to changes in the atmospheric pressure & temperature.

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5
Q

Why is it that water is used by plants in the liquid phase?

A

Because of H-bonds.

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6
Q

What would happen without H-bonds & Covalent bonds?

A

There would be no life on Earth.

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7
Q

Difference between H-bonds & Covalent bonds?

A

● H-bonds = between water molecules.

● Covalent bonds = within a water molecule.

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8
Q

Why is water transparent?

A

To allow light energy for photosynthesis.

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9
Q

Where do the majority of nutrients come from?

A

The soil.

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10
Q

For nutrients to be taken in by roots in what form should they exist?

A

Nutrients have to be in solution.

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11
Q

Function of plant roots?

A

To provide plants with water in which are dissolved nutrients.

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12
Q

Nutrients found in the soil? (6)

A

• K+.
• Ca2+.
• Na+.
• NH4+.
• NO3-.
• H2PO4 2-.

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13
Q

Nutrient not found in soil?

A

N2-.

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14
Q

Nutrients vital for plant growth? (3)

A

• NO3-.
• NH4+.
• P.

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15
Q

SPAC stands for?

A

Soil, Plant, Atmosphere Continuum.

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16
Q

Only source of Phosphorus?

A

Morocco.

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17
Q

Explain processes involved in the SPAC?

A
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18
Q

What is the result of the adhesion & cohesion?

A

Allow for water to be transported from the soil, through the plant & into the atmosphere.

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19
Q

Energy driving adhesion & cohesion up the xylem?

A

Pulled up the xylem by the energy provided by the sun.

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20
Q

What happens if there’s not enough energy to pull water up the xylem?

A

Air bubbles get into the xylem vessels.

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21
Q

Cavitation?

A

= occurs when air bubbles get into xylem vessels.

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22
Q

Cavitation feature?

A

Happens frequently.

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23
Q

Relationship between temperature & cavitation?

A

High temperatures, More cavitation risk.

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24
Q

What happens to xylem vessel if xylem vessel can’t get rid of air bubbles?

A

It dies & its role is taken over by another xylem vessel.

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25
Q

Results of the strengths of H-bonds? (4)

A

● Enables evaporation.

● Enables transport in the xylem.

● Enables cell walls to encase the cytoplasm and withstand great pressures.

● Enables water to have a high specific heat capacity.

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26
Q

Purpose of evaporation?

A

Cools the leaf.

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27
Q

Transpiration?

A

= when H-bonds break, energy is needed and water is lost as water vapour.

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28
Q

Heat lost from transpiration?

A

= latent heat of evaporation.

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29
Q

Why is water transport necessary?

A

It’s because every cell needs water for growth.

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30
Q

What processes occur in the cytoplasm?

A

Metabolic processes (biophysical & biochemical).

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31
Q

Why can the cell walls withstand great pressures? (3)

A

It’s because of:

• Their structure.
• Cohesion-adhesion properties of water.
• Xylem strength.

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32
Q

Why does water have a high specific heat capacity?

A

Protects the cell from excessive changes in temperature.

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33
Q

Water potential?

A

= concept applying to soil plants and atmosphere as well as the cell level & the whole plant.

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34
Q

SI units of Wayer potential?

A

MPa.

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35
Q

Why is water potential in MPa?

A

It’s because there are such high pressures.

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36
Q

What controls the movement of water?

A

An energy difference between the cells as well as the semi-permeable membrane.

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37
Q

Osmosis?

A

= the flow of water from one cell to another.

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38
Q

Water potential value in terms of amount of H2O?

A

● Large amount of H2O, values close to zero.

● Small amount of H2O, values are negative.

39
Q

Turgor pressure?

A

= pressure created when water moves into the cells and causes the cells to expand & the cell wall to push back on the cell contents.

40
Q

Osmotic potential?

A

= amount of energy the solutes have.

41
Q

Water potential value relating to solutes?

A

More solutes, water potential is more negative.

42
Q

Relationship between pressure number and energy required to move the water?

A

Higher the pressure number, More energy required to move the water.

43
Q

Water potential (Wp) formula?

A

Wp (cell) = Wp (osmotic) + Wp (turgor)

44
Q

Wp (cell) features? (2)

A

• water potential of cell.
• negative.

45
Q

Wp (osmotic) features? (2)

A

• osmotic potential.
• negative.

46
Q

Wp (turgor) features? (2)

A

• turgor pressure.
• positive.

47
Q

Why are wp values always changing within a cell?

A

To allow water movement.

48
Q

Why is osmotic Wp > turgor pressure?

A

To allow for the movement of water.

49
Q

What happens if turgor pressure is not positive?

A

Plasmolysis.

50
Q

Results of plasmolysis? (2)

A

• Plant wilts.
• Permanent wilting point.

51
Q

Why is turgor pressure positive?

A

Essential for plant growth.

52
Q

SPAC?

A

= water movement from the soil, through the plant & out into the atmosphere.

53
Q

What is SPAC driven by?

A

Driven by water potential between soil, plant and atmosphere.

54
Q

Why must the water potential of the atmosphere be negative?

A

To enable the atmosphere to pull the water through the plant from the soil.

55
Q

Relationship between RWC & Wp?

A

Decrease RWC, Increase Wp.

56
Q

RWC stands for?

A

Relative Water Content.

57
Q

On graph where are RWC and Wp?

A

● RWC = positive x-axis.

● Wp = negative y-axis.

58
Q

Things to note on diagram of water potential with plant? (5)

A

• Ensure values in soil are closer to zero & above soil are further from zero.

• Ensure to include - sign.

• 5 values to put in.

• Put units (MPa).

• Put labels.

59
Q

Water potential plant diagram values? (5)

A

● Wp = -4.8 MPa (atmosphere).
● Wp = -2.5 MPa (branches & leaves).
● Wp = -1.8 MPa (trunk).
● Wp = -1.2 MPa (roots).
● Wp = -0.4 MPa (soil).

60
Q

Transpiration?

A

= loss of water from the leaf through the stomata to the air

61
Q

Purpose of transpiration?

A

Cools leaves.

62
Q

2 pathways of water transport?

A

• Apoplastic.
• Symplastic.

63
Q

Apoplastic pathway?

A

= water movement between the cellulose fibers.

64
Q

Symplastic pathway?

A

= water movement within the cytoplasm of the cells via the plasmodesmata.

65
Q

Difference between Apoplastic & Symplastic pathway in terms of speed of water movement?

A

● Apoplastic = rapid movement.
● Symplastic = slow movement.

66
Q

Cavitation?

A

= the occurrence of air bubbles in xylem vessels.

67
Q

How does water movement occur in plants?

A

Through cohesion-adhesion in the xylem.

68
Q

Why does transpiration cool leaves?

A

Due to the energy that’s involved in breaking the H-bonds.

69
Q

Purposes of water transport? (3)

A

• Transport nutrients.
• Allows for biochemical reactions.
• Allows for growth.

70
Q

End of transpiration?

A

The nutrients stay in the plants & don’t get out into the air.

71
Q

Boundary layer?

A

=

72
Q

Relationship between boundary layer & transpiration?

A

Larger boundary layer, Less transpiration rates.

73
Q

Factors controlling transpiration? (6)

A

• Morphology & anatomy.
• Epidermis containing chloroplasts.
• Guard cells surrounding stomatal opening.
• ABA.
• Stomatal functioning related to water, solutes & ABA.
• Leaves & rods involved in controlling respiration/transpiration rates.

74
Q

Relationship between temperature & radiation & water movement?

A

High temperature & radiation, more water loss until stomata close & permanent wilting point is reached.

75
Q

Relationship between Evaporative cooling & water movement?

A
76
Q

Convective cooling in terms of water movement?

A

= the force that moves water vapour away from the leaf surface.

77
Q

Relationship between wind speed & water movement?

A
78
Q

ABA stands for?

A

Abscicic acid.

79
Q

What is predominately produced in the roots?

A

ABA.

80
Q

What is stomatal functioning related to? (3)

A

• Solutes.
• Water.
• ABA.

81
Q

What is the water vapour in the leaves pulled by?

A

Potential energy.

82
Q

What makes up the SPAC? (3)

A

• Soil.
• Plant.
• Atmosphere.

83
Q

Factors that control water movement in the plants? (5)

A

• Temperature & radiation.
• Convective cooling.
• Evaporative cooling.
• Wind speed.
• Boundary layer thickness.

84
Q

What is transpiration rate?

A

= speed at which water is lost from a plant.

85
Q

Water use efficiency?

A

= a function of how much CO2 can be fixed relative to how much H2O is lost.

86
Q

WUE formulae? (2)

A

● WUE = CO2 rate / H2O rate

● WUE = Photosynthesis rate / Transpiration rate.

87
Q

ABA?

A

= plant growth hormone produces in roots & terminal buds.

88
Q

Components of convective cooling? (2)

A

• Free convection.
• Forced convection.

89
Q

Eg of Morphological & anatomical?

A

Physiological changes in leaf succulence.

90
Q

What causes phase change?

A

Temperature & Pressure.

91
Q

What happens if plant is not water efficient?

A

Plant wilts.

92
Q

What is the terrestrial hydrological (water) cycle?

A

= process that measures water in a landscape & where water comes into the system, is moved around, used and then leaves the system via transpiration & evaporation.

93
Q

Lay out process of terrestrial hydrological cycle? (3)

A

Water comes into the system as rain
|
|
Water is then distributed by a large number of processes.
|
|
Water can then go into the soil, the plant, into the groundwater or be moved as run-off.

94
Q

Water usage? (3)

A

• Forestry & timber.
• Agriculture.
• Mining.

PLANT (15 decks)

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