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PLANT > Photosynthesis (9b) > Flashcards

Photosynthesis (9b) Flashcards

1
Q

Site of photosynthesis?

A

Chloroplasts.

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2
Q

Eg of Anabolic pathway?

A

Photosynthesis.

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3
Q

Photosynthesis reaction divisions? (2)

A

• Energy capturing reactions.
• Carbon fixing reactions.

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4
Q

Pigments of photosynthesis? (2)

A

• Chlorophyll (main).
• Carotenoids.

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5
Q

Role of photosynthesis pigments?

A

Absorb light.

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6
Q

What needs to happen first before light energy is used by living systems?

A

It needs to be absorbed first.

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7
Q

Chlorophyll?

A

= absorbs light in the violet to blue wavelength & in yellow to red wavelength.

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8
Q

Why is chlorophyll often perceived as green?

A

It reflects green.

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9
Q

Chlorophyll types? (3)

A

• Chlorophyll a.
• Chlorophyll b.
• Chlorophyll c.

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10
Q

How are Chlorophyll types similar to Cytochrome types?

A

They both have a Porphyrin ring.

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11
Q

How are Chlorophyll types different to Cytochrome types?

A

● Cytochrome types
= Fe is bound at the center of porphyrin ring.

● Chlorophyll types
= Mg2+ is bound at the center of porphyrin ring.

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12
Q

How do Chlorophyll types differ among themselves?

A

Differ in the side chains that are attached to the porphyrin ring.

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13
Q

Which Chlorophyll types are found in higher plants? (2)

A

• Ch a.
• Ch b.

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14
Q

Which Chlorophyll types are found in brown algae, diatoms & Dinoflagellates? (2)

A

• Ch a.
• Ch c.

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15
Q

Carotenoids role?

A

Responsible for yellow, orange & red colouration.

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16
Q

Carotenoids?

A

= other pigments found in plant cells.

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17
Q

Chloroplast location?

A

Between the central vacuole & plasmalemma.

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18
Q

Chloroplasts in mature palisade cells?

A

Occupy 90% of cytoplasm.

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19
Q

Chloroplast appearance in electron micrograph?

A

Biconvex organelles.

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20
Q

Appearances of living chloroplasts?

A

Continually change shape.

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21
Q

Chloroplasts average size?

A

5um by 2.5um.

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22
Q

Cytoplasmic streaming?

A

= where chloroplasts follow the sun’s movement & use the central vacuole as a lens to prevent damage of pigment by too much heat.

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23
Q

Structures of chloroplasts? (3)

A

• Chloroplast envelope.
• Internal membrane system.
• Stroma.

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24
Q

Chloroplast envelope?

A

= 2 membranes separated by an intermembrane space.

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25
Q

Chloroplast thickness?

A

10nm.

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26
Q

Chloroplast envelope constituents? (3)

A

• Outer membrane.
• Intermembrane space.
• Inner membrane.

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27
Q

Outer membrane of Chloroplast envelope?

A

= permeable to most biomolecules.

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28
Q

Inner membrane of Chloroplast envelope?

A

= selectively permeable.

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29
Q

Chloroplast envelope AKA?

A

Enclosing double-membrane system.

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30
Q

Internal membrane system composition? (3)

A

• Stacks of thylakoids (form grana).
• Grana interconnected by stromal lamellae.
• Chlorophyll & other pigments in grana.

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31
Q

Internal membrane system?

A

= essential site of photosynthesis.

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32
Q

Internal membrane system features? (2)

A

• Highly ordered.
• Highly intricate.

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33
Q

Stroma?

A

= a water-based solution.

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34
Q

Stroma composition? (6)

A

• Proteins.
• Ribosomes & Polysomes.
• Chloroplastic DNA.
• Plastoglobuli.
• Starch.
• Crystalline inclusions.

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35
Q

Proteins of stroma?

A

= mostly RUBP carboxylase.

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36
Q

RUBP carboxylase stands for?

A

Ribulose Biphosphate carboxylase.

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37
Q

Ribosomes & Polysomes of stroma?

A

= resemble bacterial ribosomes.

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38
Q

Chloroplastic DNA location?

A

Different regions of Stroma.

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39
Q

Chloroplastic DNA shape? (2)

A

Can be:

• Linear.
• Circular.

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40
Q

Fun fact about Chloroplastic DNA?

A

In some species the DNA codes for up to 200 different proteins.

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41
Q

Plastoglobuli?

A

= large lipid droplets up to 500nm in diameter.

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42
Q

Plastoglobuli roles? (2)

A

• Energy source.
• Source of lipids for membrane synthesis.

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43
Q

Plastoglobuli types? (3)

A

• Etioplasts.
• Functional chloroplasts.
• Senescent chloroplasts.

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44
Q

Etioplasts features? (3)

A

• have many plastoglobuli.
• little to no chlroplasts.
• yellow.

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45
Q

Functional chloroplasts components? (2)

A

• Few plastoglobuli.
• Small plastoglobuli.

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46
Q

Senescent chloroplasts components? (2)

A

• Many plastoglobuli.
• Large plastoglobuli.

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47
Q

Starch of stroma features? (2)

A

• largest structure in the stroma.
• starch accumulation is ephemeral.

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48
Q

What do we mean by ephemeral starch accumulation?

A

Starch accumulation occurs during the day & disappears during the night.

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49
Q

Crystalline inclusions of stroma types? (2)

A

• Protein crystals.
• Mineral crystals.

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50
Q

Reactions found in Energy capturing reactions? (2)

A

• Light-dependent reactions.
• Light reactions.

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51
Q

Reactions found in Carbo fixing reactions? (2)

A

• Light-independent reactions.
• Dark reactions.

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52
Q

Things to note about electrons & energy states? (2)

A

• When an electron absorbs energy it jumps to an excited state.

• When an excited electron reverts to ground state it releases energy.

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53
Q

Ways that energy is released when an excited electron reverts to ground state? (3)

A

• Heat.
• Fluorescence.
• Transferred to another molecule (captured & used in photosynthesis).

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54
Q

Parts of Photosynthesis? (2)

A

• P1= Energy capturing reactions.
• P2= Carbon fixing reactions.

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55
Q

Steps of P1 of Photosynthesis? (6)

A

● Light is absorbed by Chlorophyll.

● Electrons from excited molecules are transported down an e transport chain.

● Energy is then released during transport & ATP and NADH are created.

● In order to replace the electrons lost by chlorophyll, H2O is split.

● Electrons from the splitting of H2O are absorbed by the chlorophyll & O2 is released.

● That O2 is then inhaled by organisms.

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56
Q

Where does P1 of Photosynthesis occur?

A

Thylakoid membrane of the grana.

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57
Q

P1-Photosynthesis regarding Chlorophyll? (2)

A

• Chlorophyll & other pigments are arranged into units.

• Specialised chlorophyll a.

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58
Q

Chlorophyll & pigments units? (2)

A

• Photosystem I.
• Photosystem II.

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59
Q

How many pigments in P1-Photosynthesis?

A

250-400.

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60
Q

Kinds of Specialised chlorophyll a? (2)

A

• chlorophyll a P700.
• chlorophyll a P680.

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61
Q

Chlorophyll a P700?

A

= absorbs energy at 700nm.

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62
Q

Chlorophyll a P680?

A

= absorbs energy at 680nm.

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63
Q

Match Photosystem to specialized Chlorophyll?

A

● Photosystem I
= chlorophyll a P700.

● Photosystem II
= chloroplast a P680.

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64
Q

What to note about Photosystem I & II?

A

They occur at the same time/simultaneously.

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65
Q

Photosystem II steps? (4)

A

● Photon of light is trapped by pigment in Photosystem I.

● Energy is transferred to chlorophyll P680.

● Chlorophyll P680 absorbs the photon, is lifted to the excited state & is transported down an e transport chain.

● During the transport, energy is lost. The energy is used to create a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane & is used to create ATP.

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66
Q

Photosystem I steps? (4)

A

● Photon is trapped by pigment in Photosystem I.

● Energy is transferred to chlorophyll P700.

● Chlorophyll P700 absorbs photon & is lifted to an excited state.

● The excited electron is lost from chlorophyll P700 & is transported down a separate e transport chain [NADP–>NADPH].

67
Q

Note on chlorophyll P680 losing an electron?

A

The electron is replaced by the splitting of H2O, the taking up of an electron by chlorophyll P680 & the release of O2.

68
Q

Note on chlorophyll P700 losing an electron?

A

The electron lost by chlorophyll P680 replaces the electron lost by chlorophyll P700.

69
Q

Relationship between e transport chain length & proton gradient?

A

Longer the e transport chain, more likely proton gradient.

70
Q

Energy capturing reactions AKA?

A

Photophosphorylation.

71
Q

Photophosphorylation AKA?

A

Z-reaction because of diagram.

72
Q

Where does P2-Photosynthesis occur?

A

Stroma of the chloroplast.

73
Q

P2-Photosynthesis steps? (2)

A

● ATP & NADH created in Energy capturing reactions (P1) are used to reduce CO2 into a simple sugar.

● Simple sugar is then fed into other biochemical pathways.

74
Q

P2-Photosynthesis?

A

= Carbon fixing reactions.

75
Q

P2-Photosynthesis variations? (3)

A

• C3 pathway.
• C4 pathway.
• CAM.

76
Q

C3 pathway AKA?

A

Calvin cycle.

77
Q

Which pathway do most plants operate in?

A

C3 pathway.

78
Q

Principal enzyme in C3 pathway?

A

RUBP carboxylase.

79
Q

RUBP carboxylase features? (3)

A

• Low affinity for CO2.
• Found in high concentrations.
• Most abundant protein in the world.

80
Q

Why is RUBP carboxylase found in high concentrations?

A

To compensate for the low affinity.

81
Q

C3 pathway steps layout? (8)

A

CO2 + Ribulose 1,5 biphosphate (5C)
|
3, Phosphoglycerate (2×3C)
|
1,3 Diphosphoglycerate
|
3 PGAL
| |
Used in the synthesis of carbs Again
|
Fructose-1,6-diphosphate (6C)
| (rearrangement)
Fructose 6 phosphate
| (dephosphorylated)
Glucose 6 phosphate
|
Glucose.

82
Q

Origins of ATP & NADH?

A

● ATP
= ATP –> ADP.

● NADH
= NADPH –> NADH.

83
Q

Enzyme used in C3 pathway?

A

RUBP carboxylase.

84
Q

What does RUBP carboxylase do?

A

It combines CO2 with Ribulose 1,5 Biphosphate to form 6C, then splits it.

85
Q

From 3 PGAL to Ribulose 1,5 Biphosphate? (2)

A

• ATP –> ADP.
• 3 PGAL is combined & rearranged.

86
Q

1,3 Diphosphoglycerate TO 3 PGAL? (2)

A

• NADPH –> NADH.
• inorganic phosphate is formed (Pi).

87
Q

3, Phosphoglycerate TO 1,3 Diphosphoglycerate?

A

ATP –> ADP.

88
Q

What do you notice about the C3 pathway?

A

Reverse Glycolysis.

89
Q

Land plants experiences? (3)

A

• Gradient of CO2 into chloroplasts from the atmosphere.
• Gradient of H2O out of leaf to atmosphere.
• Therefore H2O loss is unavoidable if photosynthesis is to occur (severe problem in hot, dry environment).

90
Q

Xerophytes?

A

= plants that are specially adapted to growth in hot, dry environments.

91
Q

What do the adaptations of Xerophytes do?

A

Minimize water loss but allow for adequate CO2 uptake.

92
Q

Adaptations of Xerophytes? (6)

A

• Rolled leaves (to reduce SA).
• Thick cuticle.
• Few stomata.
• Sunken stomata.
• Hairs on leaves (to reduce wind flow).
• Modifications of leaf structure.

93
Q

C4 pathway found in which plants? (2)

A

• Tropical grasses.
• Plants originating from hot & dry regions.

94
Q

Difference in C3 pathway & C4 pathway?

A

Carbon fixing reactions.

● C4 pathway
= CO2 is combined with the 3C molecules PEP to form a 4C molecule.

95
Q

Similarity between C3 pathway & C4 pathway?

A

Energy capturing reactions.

96
Q

Enzyme used in C4 pathways?

A

PEP carboxylase.

97
Q

PEP carboxylase features? (3)

A

• High affinity for CO2.
• Very efficient at “fixing” CO2.
• Can operate at low CO2 concentrations.

98
Q

Anatomical differences between C3 plants & C4 plants

A

● KRANZ ANATOMY
• C3 plants = Leaves don’t have it.
• C4 plants = Leaves have it.

● BUNDLE SHEATH CELLS
• C3 plants = Contain no chloroplasts.
• C4 plants = Contain chloroplasts.

● MESOPHYLL CELL
• C3 plants = Carbon fixing reactions occur.

• C4 plants = Only initial steps of C4 pathways occur.

99
Q

PEP carboxylase location? (2)

A

• Cytoplasm.
• Chloroplasts.

100
Q

C4 pathways steps? (8)

A

CO2 + PEP (3C)
|
Oxaloacetate (4C)
|
Malate OR Aspartate (4C) [Meso 2 Bundl]
| |
CO2 Pyruvate (3C)
| |
Calvin cycle Bundle shth 2 Mesophyll
| |
Carbohydrate Repeat
synthesis

101
Q

Enzymes used in C4 pathway? (2)

A

• PEP carboxylase (Mesophyll cell).
• RUBP carboxylase (Bundle sheath cell).

102
Q

Why Malate OR Aspartate?

A

It depends on the species.

103
Q

Mesophyll cell location? (2)

A

• Chloroplasts.
• Cytoplasm.

104
Q

Bundle sheath cell location?

A

Chloroplasts.

105
Q

Pyruvate TO PEP?

A

ATP –> ATP.

106
Q

What to note in C4 pathway?

A

CO2 is captured & stored in the form of the acids then is used in Calvin cycle as well.

107
Q

In which plants is CAM found?

A

Succulents.

108
Q

CAM stands for?

A

Crassulacean Acid Metabolism.

109
Q

Purpose of CAM process?

A

Significantly reduces H2O loss.

110
Q

CAM process @ night & stomata open? (3)

A

CO2 + PEP
|
Oxaloacetic acid
|
Malic acid

111
Q

What happens to Malic acid?

A

Stored in the vacuoles of the parenchyma cells.

112
Q

CAM process @ day & stomata closed? (3)

A

Malic acid
| |
CO2 PEP
|
Calvin cycle

113
Q

Enzyme used in CAM night?

A

PEP carboxylase.

114
Q

Where is the Calvin cycle found?

A

In all photosynthetic plants.

115
Q

CAM process location?

A

Chloroplasts.

116
Q

External factors affecting photosynthesis? (7)

A

• Light intensity & quality.
• Temperature.
• CO2 concentration.
• O2 concentration.
• Water availability.
• Wind.
• Nutrient supply.

117
Q

Internal factors affecting photosynthesis? (6)

A

• Morphology.
• Internal anatomy & age.
• Stomatal behaviour.
• Enzyme concentration.
• Chlorophyll content.
• Leaf water content.

118
Q

Fun fact about the internal & external factors?

A

All interconnected.

119
Q

Things to note on Light influence on photosynthesis graph? (4)

A

• Below zero.
• Light compensation point.
• C3 plant.
• C4 plant.

120
Q

Below zero features? (4)

A

• Not enough light for energy capturing reactions.
• No ATP.
• No NADP.
• Low CO2 release via respiration.

121
Q

Light compensation point?

A

Release of CO2 by Respiration = Release of CO2 by Photosynthesis.

122
Q

What else does the Liht Compensation point indicate?

A

Minimum amount of light required for photosynthesis to occur.

123
Q

C4 plant graph features? (2)

A

• Still increasing/fixing CO2 at full sunlight exposure.
• Continues CO2 capture because of efficiency of PEP carboxylase.

124
Q

C3 plant graph features? (3)

A

• Becomes saturated.
• Reaches maximum CO2 fixation long before full sunlight.
• Limited CO2 capture due to inefficient RUBP carboxylase.

125
Q

Things to note Temperature on photosynthesis graph? (3)

A

• Has effects on rate of the enzymatically controlled reactions.
• Low light intensity, an increase in temperature effect.
• High light intensity, an increase in temperature effect.

126
Q

Eg of temperature having effects on rate of the enzymatically controlled reactions?

A

Rate of RUBP carboxylase & PEP carboxylase activity.

127
Q

Effect of low light intensity & increase in temperature on photosynthesis?

A

No effect on Photosynthesis.

128
Q

Effect of high light intensity & increase in temperature on Photosynthesis?

A

Positive effect on Photosynthesis.

129
Q

Optimum temperature of C3 plants?

A

Temperate.

130
Q

Optimum temperature of C4 plants?

A

Tropical.

131
Q

CO2 concentration effects on photosynthesis graph features? (4)

A

• X-axis = CO2 concentration.
• Y-axis = Net photosynthesis.
• Shows that photosynthesis saturates @ ~ 1% CO2.

• Light is saturating.

132
Q

Things to note on CO2 concentration on C3 & C4 plants experiment?

A

• Original CO2 concentration = 410ppm (0.041%).
• C3 plant = 40ppm (final).
• C4 plant = 0ppm (final).
• Conclusion = C3 plants require minimum of 40ppm CO2 to photosynthesize.

133
Q

Why did C4 plants end up with a final CO2 concentration of 0ppm?

A

PEP carboxylase efficiently fixed the CO2.

134
Q

What does O2 do to C3 plants?

A

It inhibits photosynthesis.

135
Q

Why does O2 do what it does to C3 plants?

A

It’s because inhibition is greatest when:

• [CO2] is below ambient/that of atmosphere.
• light intensity is high.

136
Q

What does O2 do to C4 plants?

A

Nothing. O2 has no effect on C4 plants.

137
Q

Photorespiration?

A

= a respiratory process because it uses O2 & releases CO2.

138
Q

During Photorespiration, 3 organelles are involved. What are they (in the process’s order)? (3)

A

• Chloroplast.
• Peroxisome.
• Mitochondrion.

139
Q

Photorespiration steps? (7)

A

O2 + Ribulose 1,5 Biphosphate
|
Phosphoglycolic acid + 3Phosphoglycerate
|
Phosphoglycolic acid
|
Glyoxylic acid + H2O2
| |
Glycine H2O
|
Glycine
|
Serine + CO2

140
Q

Which kind of plants experience Photorespiration?

A

C3 plants.

141
Q

Photorespiration steps in the Chloroplast? (2)

A

O2 + Ribulose 1,5 Biphosphate
|
Phosphoglycolic acid + 3 Phosphoglycerate

142
Q

Enzyme in Photorespiration-Chloroplast?

A

RUBP carboxylase.

143
Q

Photorespiration steps in the Peroxisome? (3)

A

Phosphoglycolic acid
|
Glyoxylic acid + H2O2
| |
Glycine H2O

144
Q

Enzyme used in Photorespiration-Peroxisome?

A

Catalase.

145
Q

Photorespiration steps in the Mitochondrion? (2)

A

Glycine
|
Serine + CO2

146
Q

Enzyme used in Photorespiration-Mitochondrion?

A

None.

147
Q

Amino acids formed in Photorespiration? (2)

A

• Glycine.
• Serine.

148
Q

Implications/Conclusions of Photorespiration? (3)

A

● Is a wasteful process.

● PEP carboxylase has a high for CO2 therefore, C4 plants can photosynthesize efficiently at low [CO2].

● Since Earth’s atmosphere is O2=21% and CO2=0.041% therefore, in C3 plants RUBP carboxylase is more likely to react with O2.

149
Q

Why do C4 plants grow faster?

A

It’s because they can photosynthesize efficiently at low [CO2] due to PEP carboxylase.

150
Q

Why is Photorespiration a wasteful process?

A

It diverts simple carbohydrates away from the Calvin cycle.

151
Q

What does PPP stand for?

A

Pentose Phosphate Pathway.

152
Q

Functions of PPP? (3)

A

● Produces NADPH in the cytoplasm, which is used in many biosynthetic pathways.

● Essential for photosynthesis.

● Converts hexoses to pentoses, particularly D-ribose 5 phosphate, which is used in nucleic acid synthesis & ATP synthesis.

153
Q

Eg of the biosynthetic pathway NADPH is used in?

A

Lipid synthesis.

154
Q

Why is PPP essential for photosynthesis?

A

It’s because the pathway produces Ribulose 1,5 Biphosphate.

155
Q

Hexoses?

A

= 6C sugars.

156
Q

Pentoses?

A

= 5C sugars.

157
Q

What is D-ribose 5 phosphate used for/in? (2)

A

• Nucleic acid synthesis.
• ATP synthesis.

158
Q

PPP location?

A

In cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells.

159
Q

PPP steps? (4)

A

Glucose 6 phosphate (6C)
|
6-phosphogluconate (6C)
|
D-Ribulose 5 phosphate (5C)
| |
Ribulose 1,5 Biphosphate D-Ribose 5 phosphate

160
Q

6C TO 6C?

A

NADP+ —> NADPH

161
Q

6C TO 5C? (3)

A

• NADP+ —> NADPH.
• This is where hexoses are converted into pentoses.
• CO2 is released.

162
Q

Kranz anatomy?

A

= a specialized structure in C4 plants where the mesophyll cells are clustered around the bundle sheath cells in a ring-like manner.

163
Q

Egs of C3 plants? (3)

A

• Peas.
• Wheat.
• Rice.

164
Q

Egs of C4 plants? (3)

A

• Maize.
• Corn.
• Sugarcane.

PLANT (15 decks)

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