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PLANT > Linking C & N Metabolism (13) > Flashcards

Linking C & N Metabolism (13) Flashcards

1
Q

Why is Nitrogen important? (2)

A

• Makes protein, which in turn makes animals gain body mass.

• Gives rigorous plant growth.

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2
Q

Why are most animals N-limited?

A

It’s because forage is indigestible.

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3
Q

Therefore, how do animals ensure that that they’re not N-limited?

A

Eat plants which have N.

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4
Q

Important thing to note about C & N?

A

Fundamental elements for organism survival.

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5
Q

What do we mean when we say that N has an “Open” cycle?

A

= N tends to “leak” at the ecosystem & continental scale.

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6
Q

In what ways is N leaked/lost? (2)

A

• Pyrodenitrification.
• Urine —> NH3.

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7
Q

Pyrodenitrification?

A

= when N is lost in the process of fire.

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8
Q

Urine—> NH3?

A

= when N is lost through urine in the form of NH3.

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9
Q

What is the one thing that BNF is constrained by?

A

Low P.

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10
Q

BNF stands for?

A

Biological Nitrogen Fixation.

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11
Q

Through what does N get into plants?

A

Roots.

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12
Q

Through what does C get into plants?

A

Leaves.

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13
Q

A combination of C & N contribute towards?

A

Plants growth which includes protein & carbohydrates.

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14
Q

N cycle steps? (6)

A

N occurs as N2 gas from the atmosphere.
|
N moves into the soil
|
N moves into the plant
|
N moves into water bodies
|
N moves into animals
|
N then moves through bacterial processes then back into the atmosphere.

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15
Q

Why can’t N be diffused into leaves?

A

Plants have no enzymes to break the bonds between the N molecules.

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16
Q

How does N become available to plants?

A

Via the activity of bacteria.

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17
Q

Bacteria that are in BNF?

A

Rhizobia.

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18
Q

How do plants respond when they’re limited by the availability of N & P?

A

They establish relationships, on the roots, with fungi or bacteria, which are symbiotic & mutualistic, in order to explore large volumes of the soil & to supply the plant with adequate amounts of N & P for growth.

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19
Q

Why do plants establish relationships with fungi or bacteria? (2)

A

• To explore large volumes of the soil.
• To supply the plant with adequate amounts of N & P for growth.

20
Q

P features? (3)

A

• Mostly in soil associated with the parent material.
• Insoluble.
• Non-mobile.

21
Q

Special feature about Rhizobia?

A

Contains leghaemoglobin.

22
Q

Leghaemoglobin?

A

= red pigment that’s found in the bacteria, Rhizobia.

23
Q

Leghaemoglobin purpose?

A

Enables Rhizobia to break the bonds between the N molecules and thus supply plants with N.

24
Q

How does BNF occur? (6)

A

Rhizobia stick onto roots
|
Leghaemoglobin enables them to capture O2 in the roots of the plant
|
This causes an anaerobic environment
|
Eventually the bonds between the N molecules are broken
|
N is released in the form of NO3 & NH4.
|
Therefore, N is acquired by plants.

25
Q

How do plants get P?

A

Via a mutualistic relationship with VAM.

26
Q

VAM stands for?

A

Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizae.

27
Q

VAM?

A

= “fungus roots”.

28
Q

How do VAM assist help plants acquire P?

A

They form an extensive hyphal network which enable the roots of plants to explore the large volume of soils & acquire N (NO3 & NH4) & P (PO4) for the plant.

29
Q

How do VAM benefit from host plants?

A

Host plant provides VAM with carbohydrates.

30
Q

When N is taken up from soil, what is it dependent on? (6)

A

• Parent material.
• Amount of clay.
• Clay type.
• SOM.
• Bacteria for decomposition.
• Amount of mineralized N (NO3 & NH4).

31
Q

LAI?

A

= area of leaf material on each plant.

32
Q

LAI stands for?

A

Leaf Area Index.

33
Q

Explain the diagram on Factors Influencing The Plant C:N Balance?

A
34
Q

C-assimiliation?

A

=

35
Q

N-assimilation?

A

=

36
Q

List the most important features of the N-cycle?

A
37
Q

List the organic forms of N in the soil?

A
38
Q

List the inorganic forms of N in the soil?

A
39
Q

Describe the process of N-fixation?

A
40
Q

Why is the process of N-fixation critical?

A
41
Q

Describe the symbiotic relationships on the roots which allow the plant to access more P?

A
42
Q

Discuss the links between C:N in plant metabolism in detail via the sketch?

A
43
Q

List the impacts of CC on Southern Africa? (5)

A

• Increased temperatures, more drought.

• Extremely variable rainfall (floods & droughts).

• More problems in supply of drinking water.

• Decreased plant species biodiversity in succulent Karoo.

• Negative & artificial crop production & livestock production.

44
Q

Impact of high carbon in atmosphere?

A

Increased intensity of storms & lightning
|
More human death by lightning.

45
Q

How are the impacts of climate change to Sounthern Africa linked to C, N & P cycles?

A

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