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PLANT > Metabolism (9a) > Flashcards

Metabolism (9a) Flashcards

1
Q

Metabolism?

A

= all the biochemical reactions occurring in an organism.

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2
Q

What is metabolism divided into?

A

Metabolic pathways.

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3
Q

Metabolic pathways?

A

= series of biochemical reactions that act together to produce a product.

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4
Q

Kinds of metabolic pathways? (3)

A

• Linear.
• Cyclic.
• Branched.

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5
Q

Lay out the linear metabolic pathway?

A

a
| (E1)
b
| (E2)
c
| (E3)
d
| (E4)
e

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6
Q

Describe Cyclic metabolic pathway? (2)

A

• circle pathway.
• start with 1 molecule & end up with the same molecule (but more).

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7
Q

Branched metabolic pathway features?

A

• circle pathway where you start with 1 molecule & end up with the same molecule.

OR

• circle pathway where you start with 1 molecule & end up with a different molecule/different pathway.

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8
Q

Pros of metabolic pathways? (3)

A

• Can be segregated, either within organelles or specific parts of the cytoplasm.

• Little accumulation of intermediates.

• Rate at which product is used controls the rate of the pathway.

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9
Q

Metabolism divisions? (2)

A

• Anabolism/Anabolic pathways.
• Catabolism/Catabolic pathways.

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10
Q

Anabolism/Anabolic pathways?

A

= biosynthesis of complex organic molecules from simple molecules.

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11
Q

Catabolism/Catabolic pathways?

A

= biodegradation of complex organic molecules to simple molecules.

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12
Q

Special feature of Catabolism?

A

It releases chemical energy & intermediates which can be used in other pathways/Anabolic pathways.

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13
Q

Eg of Anabolic pathway?

A

Photosynthesis.

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14
Q

Eg of Catabolic pathway?

A

Respiration.

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15
Q

How is energy needed for cellular activity provided?

A

Provided by the oxidation of fuels namely, carbohydrates, lipids & proteins.

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16
Q

Egs of Fuels? (3)

A

• Carbohydrates.
• Lipids.
• Proteins.

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17
Q

Site of breakdown processes? (2)

A

• Cytoplasm.
• Mitochondria.

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18
Q

Result of breakdown processes?

A

Energy is released and captured in the form of ATP.

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19
Q

ATP use types? (2)

A

• Direct uses.
• Indirect uses.

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20
Q

Direct uses of ATP? (3)

A

• Movement.
• Thermoregulation.
• Transport of molecules across membranes.

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21
Q

Enzyme that indicates direct use of ATP?

A

ATPase.

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22
Q

Indirect use of ATP?

A

Glycolysis.

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23
Q

Enzyme that indicates the indirect use of ATP?

A

Kinase.

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24
Q

Equation of direct use of ATP?

A

ATP —> ADP + phosphate.

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25
Q

Equation of indirect use of ATP?

A

ATP + biomolecule —> ADP + phosphorylated biomolecule

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26
Q

Cellular Respiration AKA?

A

Cellular Oxidation.

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27
Q

Lay out process of Cellular Oxidation? (5)

A

● Stage 1
• Glycolysis.

● Stage 2
• Link reactions.
• Kreb’s cycle.
• Electron transport.
• Oxidation phosphorylation.

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28
Q

Site for Stage 1 of Cellular respiration?

A

Cytoplasm.

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29
Q

Site for Stage 2 of Cellular respiration?

A

Mitochondria.

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30
Q

Mitochondria features? (7)

A

• Spherical, fibrillar & granular.
• 100-1000/cell in most cell types.
• Dynamic structures.
• 2-membrane system.
• 2 compartments (due to membranes).
• Quantitative & qualitative differences between IM & OM.
• Autonomous.

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31
Q

Fibrillar?

A

= has long fibrils.

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32
Q

Eg of mitochondrial diversity?

A

● Amphibian egg
= 100 000 mitochondria.

● Micromonas
= 1 mitochondrion.

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33
Q

Dynamic structures?

A

= continually changing shape.

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34
Q

Mitochondrial membranes? (2)

A

• Outer membrane (OM).
• Inner membrane (IM).

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35
Q

OM features? (2)

A

• continuous.
• separates organelles from the cytoplasm.

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36
Q

IM features? (2)

A

• folded to form cristae.
• cristae extend into centre of organelle.

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37
Q

Mitochondrial compartments? (2)

A

• Intermembrane compartment/space.
• Matrix.

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38
Q

Intermembrane space?

A

= between inner & outer membrane.

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39
Q

Matrix?

A

= enclosed in inner membrane.

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40
Q

Quantitative differences between OM & IM? (2)

A

● OM
• 40% phospholipids.
• 60% protein.

● IM
• 25% phospholipids.
• 75% protein.

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41
Q

Qualitative difference between OM & IM?

A

● OM
= 14 protein types.

● IM
= 20 protein types.

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42
Q

Autonomous?

A

= mitochondria contain its own DNA & ribosomes.

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43
Q

Results of mitochondria being autonomous? (2)

A

• Mitochondria can transcribe & translate a number of proteins.

• Remainder of proteins are from the cell nucleus & cell cytoplasm.

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44
Q

Glycolysis features? (5)

A

• Stage 1 of Cellular respiration.

• Splits glucose (6C) into 3C fragments, energy is released & is captured in the form of ATP.

• Pathway divided into 2 sets of reactions.

• Enzymes of pathway are all located on juxtaposition on the surface of the micro microfilaments of the cytoskeleton.

• broken into 2 parts.

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45
Q

How many enzymes in Glycolysis?

A

10.

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46
Q

Juxtaposition?

A

= next to each other.

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47
Q

Part 1 of Glycolysis features? (2)

A

• Energy utilizing ATP.
• Cells use 2ATPs.

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48
Q

Part 2 of Glycolysis features? (2)

A

• Energy producing ATP.
• Cells gain 2ATPs.

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49
Q

Part 1 of Glycolysis?

A

= elevation of energy levels of glucose.

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50
Q

Glycolysis Rxn 1?

A

• ATP —> ADP.

Glucose
|
Glucose-6-phosphate.

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51
Q

Rxn 1 enzyme?

A

Hexokinase.

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52
Q

Hexokinase features? (2)

A

• Allosteric enzyme.
• Sensitive to levels of Glucose-6-phosphate.

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53
Q

Glycolysis Rxn 2?

A

Rearrangement of:

Glucose-6-phosphate
|
Fructose-6-phosphate.

54
Q

Rxn 2 enzyme?

A

Phosphogluco-isomerase.

55
Q

Glycolysis Rxn 3?

A

• ATP —> ADP.

Fructose-6-phosphate
|
Fructose-1,6-phosphate.

56
Q

Rxn 3 enzyme?

A

Phosphofructokinase.

57
Q

Phosphofructokinase features? (2)

A

• Allosteric enzyme.
• Sensitive to ATP & NADH.

58
Q

Fructose-1,6-phosphate?

A

Has 2 allosteric sites, 1 for ATP, 1 for NADH.

59
Q

Part 2 of Glycolysis?

A

= oxidation of high energy level glucose to 3C pyruvate.

60
Q

Pyruvate AKA?

A

Pyruvic acid.

61
Q

Glycolysis Rxn 4?

A

Fructose-1,6-phosphate
| |
3, PGAL Dihydroxyacetate phosphate

62
Q

Rxn 4 enzyme?

A

Aldolase.

63
Q

Glycolysis Rxn 5?

A

Dihydroxyacetate phosphate
|
3, PGAL.

64
Q

Rxn 5 enzyme?

A

Triosephosphate isomerase.

65
Q

Why does Rxn 5 happen?

A

To make Dihydroxyacetate phosphate useful to Glycolysis.

66
Q

3, PGAL stands for?

A

3-phosphoglyceraldehyde.

67
Q

Glycolysis Rxn 6?

A

3, PGAL
|
1,3- diphosphoglycerate.

68
Q

Rxn 6 enzyme?

A

3 phosphoglyceraldehyde dehydrogenase.

69
Q

Rxn 6 features? (2)

A

• Inorganic phosphate (Pi).
• NAD —> NADH.

70
Q

Glycolysis Rxn 7?

A

1,3- diphosphoglycerate
|
3- phosphoglycerate.

71
Q

Rxn 7 enzyme?

A

Diphosphoglycerate kinase.

72
Q

Rxn 7 feature?

A

ADP —> ATP.

73
Q

Glycolysis Rxn 8?

A

3-phosphoglycerate
|
2-phosphogylcerate.

74
Q

Rxn 8 enzyme?

A

Phosphoglyceroisomerase.

75
Q

Glycolysis Rxn 9?

A

2-phosphogylcerate
|
PEP

76
Q

PEP stands for?

A

Phosphoenol pyruvate.

77
Q

Rxn 9 enzyme?

A

Enolase.

78
Q

Glycolysis Rxn 10?

A

PEP
|
Pyruvate.

79
Q

Rxn 10 enzyme?

A

Pyruvate kinase.

80
Q

Rxn 10 feature?

A

ADP —> ATP.

81
Q

List the energy capturing reactions in Glycolysis? (3)

A

• Rxn 6.
• Rxn 7.
• Rxn 10.

82
Q

What do we associate energy capturing reactions with? (2)

A

• Dephosphorylation.
• ADP —> ATP.

83
Q

End product of S1 of Cellular oxidation?

A

Pyruvate.

84
Q

S2 Cellular Oxidation features? (3)

A

● 3C Pyruvate is broken down into CO2 & H2O.

● 3 stages/parts.

● All stages/parts occur in mitochondria.

85
Q

The 3 parts of S2 of Cellular Oxidation?

A

• P1= Link reactions.
• P2= Krebs cycle.
• P3= E transport/Oxidative phosphorylation.

86
Q

What happens in link reactions/P1?

A

Pyruvate —> 2C + CO2 (released).

87
Q

What happens in the Krebs cycle/P2?

A

2C —> 2CO2.

88
Q

What happens in P3 of S2 of CellularOxidation? (2)

A

● The electrons released in P1 & P2 are passed down a chain of molecules to reach O2 to form water.

● Energy is released & is used to create ATP.

89
Q

Where does S2 of Cellular Oxidation occur?

A

Mitochondria.

90
Q

P1 of S2 of Cellular Oxidation layout? (4)

A

Pyruvate (from cytoplasm)
|
Pyruvate (to mitochondrial matrix) [3C]
|
Acetyl group (CH3CO) [2C]
|
Acetyl CoA

91
Q

Enzymes in P1 of S2 of Cellular Oxidation? (2)

A

• Pyruvic acid dehydrogenase.
• Coenzyme A.

92
Q

Pyruvic acid dehydrogenase features? (2)

A

• Allosteric.
• Sensitive to ATP (low ATP, increases).

93
Q

What else happens in P1 of S2 of Cellular respiration? (3)

A

• Pyruvate moves through membrane from cytoplasm to mitochondrial matrix.
• CO2 is released.
• NAD –> NADH.

94
Q

Krebs cycle AKA?

A

Citric acid cycle.

95
Q

P1 of S2 of Cellular Oxidation?

A

= oxidation of pyruvate to a 2C acetyl molecule.

96
Q

P2 of S2 of Cellular Oxidation?

A

= Krebs cycle/ Citric acid cycle.

97
Q

Special feature of Krebs cycle?

A

Cyclic pathway.

98
Q

P2 of S2 of Cellular Oxidation layout? (7)

A

Acetyl CoA (2C) + Oxaloacetate (4C)
|
Citric acid (6C)
|
Isocitrate (6C)
|
alpha Ketoglutarate (5C)
|
Succinic acid (4C)
|
Fumurate (4C) [rearranged from previous]
|
Malate (4C)

Cyethenrepeats again circularly.

99
Q

6C to 5C? (2)

A

• NAD –> NADH.
• H+ & CO2 released.

100
Q

5C to 4C? (3)

A

• NAD –> NADH.
• ADP –> ATP.
• H+ & CO2 released.

101
Q

Succinic acid TO Fumurate?

A

FAD –> FADH2.

102
Q

FAD stands for?

A

Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide.

103
Q

Malate TO Start of Krebs cycle?

A

NAD –> NADH.

104
Q

P3 of S2 of Cellular Oxidation?

A

= electron transport & Oxidative phosphorylation.

105
Q

P3 of S2 of CO layout? (3)

A

● Electrons associated with NADH & FADH2 are passed along a chain of molecules.

● Electrons are delivered to O2 & this O2 combines with H2 to form H2O.

● During transfer of electrons, energy is released & is used to create ATP.

106
Q

Where does electron transport (P3) occur?

A

Within inner membrane of mitochondria.

107
Q

Types of electron carrier molecules? (4)

A

• Flavoproteins.
• Cytochromes.
• Fe-S (Iron-Sulphur) proteins.
• Coenzyme Q.

108
Q

Flavoproteins?

A

= protein plus a prosthetic group.

109
Q

Prosthetic group?

A

= a structure that can be repeatedly oxidized & reduced.

110
Q

Prosthetic group derivation?

A

From riboflavin (vitamin B).

111
Q

Prosthetic group composition? (3)

A

• Nitrogenous base.
• 5C sugar.
• Phosphate group.

112
Q

Cytochromes?

A

= 5 cytochromes in electron chain.

113
Q

Cytochrome composition? (2)

A

• Prophyrin ring.
• with Central Fe atom.

114
Q

Prophyrin ring?

A

= ring of Nitrogen atoms.

115
Q

Cytochrome types? (5)

A

• Cytochrome a.
• Cytochrome a3.
• Cytochrome b.
• Cytochrome c.
• Cytochrome c1.

116
Q

Fe-S proteins composition? (2)

A

• A specialized protein (repeatedly oxidized & reduced).
• Atoms of Fe & S.

117
Q

How many kinds of Fe-S proteins exist?

A

7.

118
Q

Coenzyme Q composition? (2)

A

• A lipid.
• A quinine ring.

119
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation process? (2)

A

● A proton gradient is established across the inner membrane of mitochondria.

● The potential energy in the proton gradient is used to create ATP.

120
Q

Special fact about IM of mitochondria?

A

It’s impermeable to movement of molecules back.

121
Q

Things to note in Oxidative phosphorylation? (2)

A

● H+ ions from Krebs cycle & matrix is getting less acidic and intermembrane is acidic.

● Energy released during e transport moves the H+ ions through IM to intermembrane space & becomes more acidic as [H+] increases.

122
Q

ATP synthetase features? (2)

A

• Complex enzyme.
• Divided into Fo & F1.

123
Q

Fo?

A

= transport protein.

123
Q

Fo?

A

= transport protein.

124
Q

Fo located?

A

Embedded in inner membrane of mitochondria.

125
Q

Fo role?

A

Transverses the membrane & provides a channel for proton movement.

126
Q

F1?

A

= large structure made of 9 polypeptides

127
Q

F1 role?

A

Site of ATP.

128
Q

F1 location?

A

Mitochondrial matrix.

129
Q

What is the question scientists are still figuring out about ATP synthetase?

A

How many proteins does it take?

130
Q

Explain election transport chain.

A
131
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation location?/ Where does it occur?

A

Across the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.

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