Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PLANT > Secretory/Excretory Systems (6) > Flashcards

Secretory/Excretory Systems (6) Flashcards

1
Q

Secretion?

A

= separation of a substance from the protoplast.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Excretion?

A

= separation of products eliminated from metabolism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Egs of secretion? (2)

A

• Hormones.
• Enzymes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Egs of excretions? (3)

A

• Essential oils.
• Tannins.
• Carotenoids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

2 ways that Secretory/Excretory structures vary?

A

• Degree of cell complexity.
• Location within plant organs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Relation between secreted substances & the cytoplasm doing the secretion? (3)

A

• Remains within cytoplasm (Internal secretory structures).
|
• Enters inter-cellular spaces (Internal secretory structures).
|
Exits to surface of plant (External secretory structures).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

External secretory structures derivation?

A

Derived from the protoderm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

External secretory structures? (7)

A

• Glands.
• Glandular hairs.
• Glandular trichomes.
• Nectaries.
• Osmophores.
• Hydrathodes.
• Salt glands.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Glands?

A

= areas of epidermal cells involved in secretion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Trichomes defining features? Trichome types(8)

A

• Unicellular or multicellular.
• Straight.
• Spiral.
• Hooked.
• Glandular vs Eglandular.
• Tortuous & Simple.
• Peltate.
• Stellate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Straight?

A

= upright with little to no branching.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Spiral?

A

= corkscrew-shaped.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Hooked?

A

= curved apex.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Tortuous?

A

= unbranched.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Simple?

A

= unicellular.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Peltate?

A

= scale-like.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Stellate?

A

= star-shaped.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Internal secretory structures composition?

A

Composed of a single cell or a group of cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Internal secretory structures occurrence? (2)

A

• Throughout a tissue (eg. oils).
• Localised in distribution.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Types of trichomes?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Why is there no sharp distinction of secretion & excretion in literature?

A

It’s because secreted & excreted compounds can accumulate in the same cells or tissues.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Protoderm?

A

= outer meristem of a plant or plant part.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Where are these glands found?

A

On/next to plant vein.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Results of secretion structures bursting? (4)

A

• Cells may die.
• Cuticle may regenerate.
• Continual production of head cells.
• Silicified tips of pointed hairs may break & inject cytoplasm into the offending animal (herbivores).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Site of secretion?

A

Between cell wall & cuticle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Egs of chemicals released by silicified tips? (2)

A

• Histamine.
• Acetyl choline.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Result of silicified tips releasing chemical?

A

Decreased Herbivory.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Exception of external secretory structures?

A

Same structure secretes & absorbs at different times.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Egs of exception of external secretory structures? (2)

A

• Trichomaceous hydrathodes.
• Sundew.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Trichomaceous hydrathodes? How?

A

• Secrete water in young leaves.
• Absorbs water in older leaves.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Sundew? How?

A

• Secretes nectar, mucilages & digestive enzymes.
• Absorbs dissolved elements from trapped insects.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What kind of plant is a Sundew?

A

Insectivorous plant.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Glandular trichome types? (2)

A

• Pilate.
• Capitate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Describe each glandular trichome type?

A

● Pilate
= tall glandular.

● Capitate
= short glandular.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Stellate trichome types? (2)

A

• Sessile.
• Stalked.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Describe each stellate trichome types? (2)

A

● Sessile
= star-shaped without “trunk”.

● Stalked
= star-shaped with “trunk”.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Peltate trichome type descriptionin your own words?

A

Umbrella-like.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Egs of internal secretory structures? (2)

A

• Transverse section of flower petal of lemon (Citrus limon).
• Transverse section of stem of cotton (Gossypium).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Describe oil glands on a micrograph? How do they look?

A

Looks like there’s a hole within plant but the hole is actually the oil surrounded by the gland cover.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Glandular trichomes?

A

= consist of a unicellular or multicellular stalk with a head above.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What do glandular trichomes do? (2)

A

• Secretion.
• Defend plant.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

How do glandular trichomes defend the plant?

A

Through secreting certain secretions/chemicals that act as insect repellents or trap insects for digestion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Nectary?

A

= a trichome or gland that secretes sugar solution to attract the pollinators.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Nectary types? (2)

A

• Non-structural nectaries.
• Structural nectaries.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Non-structural nectaries?

A

= don’t form any anatomically differentiated structure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Structural nectaries?

A

= form anatomically & morphologically differentiated nectariferous tissues.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Nectary cells?

A

= small, thin-walled cells with dense protoplasts containing dictyosomes, ER, small vacuoles & large nuclei.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Exudation?

A

=

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Via what does exudation of nectar occur for Non-structural nectaries?

A

Via stomata.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Via what does the exudation of Nectar occur in structural nectaries? (2)

A

• Epidermal cells.
• Trichomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Major components of Nectar? (3)

A

• Sucrose.
• Glucose.
• Fructose.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Osmophores?

A

= special areas on floral organs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What do osmophores do?

A

Produce fragrance to attract insects.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

How do osmophores produce fragrances?

A

Through substances at a specific temperature diffusing out of the cell in gaseous form through the cell wall & cuticles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Main fragrant material secreted by osmophores?

A

Terpenes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Describe osmophores? (3)

A

Can appear as:

• Flaps.
• Cilia.
• Brushes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

In what plants are osmophores present? (2)

A

• Orchidaceae (Orchids).
• Araceae (Arums).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Egs of internal secretory structures of plant tissues? Elaborate on their sources.(3)

A

● Castor oil
- from endosperm of Ricinus.

● Groundnut oil
- from the cotyledons of Arachis.

● Palm oil
- from mesocarp of the fruit of Elaeis guiensis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Cells of glands & ducts?

A

= thin-walled with dense protoplasm and at times occurs as a secretory cavity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Glands?

A

= cavities that are spherical to a tube-like structure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Ducts?

A

= cavities that are elongated to a tube-like structure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Internal secretory structures? (3)

A

• Glands & Ducts.
• Laticifers.
• Hydathodes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Origins of a cavity? (3)

A

• Schizogenously.
• Lysigenously.
• Schizolysigenously.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Gland types? (3)

A

• Schizogenous glands.
• Lysigenous glands.
• Schizolysigenous glands.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Schizogenous glands?

A

= formed by the dissolution of middle lamella separating apart the cells to form the cavity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Schizogenous cavity?

A

= lined with a layer of intact parenchyma cells (epithelium).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Lysigenous glands?

A

= originate by the lysis of a few cells to form the cavity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Schizolysigenous glands?

A

= arise through schizogeny & lysis and are devoid of/lack definite boundaries.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Eg of Schizogenous glands?

A

Oil glands of Eucalyptus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Eg of Lysigenous glands?

A

Glands on leaves and fruits of Citrus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Eg of Schizolysigenous glands?

A

The source of clover oil, Eugenia caryophyllata.

72
Q

Laticifers?

A

= specialized cells/a row of cells that secrete latex.

73
Q

Latex?

A

= a milky or watery fluid released by plants via stems or leaves.

74
Q

What does latex encompass? What does the term latex involve? (5)

A

• Latex cell.
• Latex vessel.
• Latex duct.
• Latex tube.
• Laticiferous duct.

75
Q

Laticiferous duct?

A

= tubular cavity into which latex is secreted & remains stored.

76
Q

Latex duct?

A

= modifications of the vegetative cells into aseptated, elongated and branched structures.

77
Q

Aseptated?

A

= not divided into cells or sections by septa.

78
Q

Latex vessel?

A

= a simple or branched anastomosing tubular structure.

79
Q

Anastomosing?

A

= connection between two tubular structures (like when a surgeon staples/sews the two remaining ends of the part of an intestine that has been removed).

80
Q

How is a latex vessel formed?

A

Formed as a result of th enlargement & fusion of a group of cells.

81
Q

Difference between simple Laticifers & compound Laticifers?

A

● Simple Laticifers
= derived from a single cell.

● Compound Laticifers
= derived from a longitudinal pile of cells.

82
Q

Cell walls of Laticifers? (3)

A

• non-lignified but thicker than adjacent cells.
• grow in a apposition.
• composed of cellulose, hemicellulose & pectin.

83
Q

Pectin?

A

= cell wall component that functions in cell adhesion & wall hydration.

84
Q

Apposition?

A

= side by side/ collocation.

85
Q

Where is latex produced? (2)

A

• Within the latex vessels.
• Within the latex cells.

86
Q

Latex colours? Elaborate in what plants eg. (3)

A

● White & milky
= Euphorbia.

● Yellow & brown
= Cannabis.

● Orange & clear
= Morus.

87
Q

Latex composed of which substances? (4)

A

• Resins.
• Hydrocarbons (sugars, proteins).
• Terpenes.
• Rubber.

88
Q

Laticifer types? (2)

A

• Non-articulated laticifers.
• Articulated laticifers.

89
Q

Non-articulated AKA?

A

Laticiferous cells.

90
Q

Articulated laticifers AKA?

A

Laticiferous vessel.

91
Q

Difference between non-articulated Laticifers & articulated Laticifers?

A

● Non-articulated Laticifers
= assemble a network that is basically a cell permeating/penetrating the entire plant body.

● Articulated Laticifers
= a series of interconnected individual cells.

92
Q

Non-articulated laticifers?

A

= single elongated cells that develop & grow intrusively between other cells via tip growth.

93
Q

Articulated Laticifers?

A

= Laticifers that consist of longitudinal pile of cells.

94
Q

Differentiate between Non-articulated Laticifers & articulated Laticifers in terms of the no. of cells & no. of nuclei in the each cell.

A

● Non-articulated Laticifers
- single cell.
- multinucleated or multiple nuclei in that cell.

● Articulated Laticifers
- multiple cells.
- uninucleated or single nucleus in each cell.

95
Q

Latex vessel?

A

= a continuous tube formed when the transverse end walls of the individual cells either remain intact, are partly or totally obliterated/destroyed.

96
Q

Where do articulated Laticifers occur? (3)

A

• Primary phloem.
• Secondary phloem.
• Cortex.

97
Q

Articulated Laticifers forms? (2)

A

• Articulated non-anastomosing/unbranched laticifers.
• Articulated anastomosing/branched laticifers.

98
Q

Cellulase?

A

= enzyme found in the latex of articulated laticifers.

99
Q

Important alkaloid? Why?

A

Opium
- medicinally important.

100
Q

Where is opium from? Obtained from?

A

Papaver somniferum.

101
Q

Most important latex? Source?

A

Rubber.
- Hevea brasiliensis.

102
Q

What does the latex of Achras saporta yield?

A

Chicle which makes chewing gum.

103
Q

Hydathodes?

A

= water stomata, water pores or water glands on leaf tips & margins.

104
Q

Cells of Hydathodes? (4)

A

• small.
• thin-walled.
• dense cytoplasm.
• devoid of chloroplasts.

105
Q

Guttation?

A

= the process of water exudation.

106
Q

Epithem?

A

= tissue of hydathodes that have an extensive intercellular space system.

107
Q

Process of water exudation? (3)

A

• Xylem supply occurs to the epithem.
• Water moves through the intercellular spaces of the epithem.
• Water then exits the leaf through the pores.

108
Q

Water stomata?

A

= modified stomata that are incapable of closing.

109
Q

Hydathode types? (2)

A

• Epidermal Hydathodes.
• Epithem Hydathodes.

110
Q

Epidermal Hydathodes?

A

= secrete water, ions and minerals.

111
Q

Epidermal Hydathodes AKA?

A

Salt glands.

112
Q

Epithem Hydathodes?

A

= secrete water.

113
Q

Epithem Hydathodes AKA? (2)

A

• Hydathodes.
• Water stomata.

114
Q

Hydathodes components? (3)

A

• Water pore.
• Epithem.
• Tracheids.

115
Q

Hydathodes locations? (3)

A

• Entire surface of the leaf (restrictionless).
• Margins or tips of leaf (restricted).
• Tips of tendrils (very restricted).

116
Q

Egs of plants where Hydathodes are found? (2)

A

• Poaceae (Grasses).
• Araceae (Arums).

117
Q

Hydathodes function?

A

Water exudation in the liquid form.

118
Q

Main cause of guttation?

A

Root pressure.

119
Q

Water pores?

A

= modified stomata with guard cells.

120
Q

Guard cells of water pores? (5)

A

• Chloroplast-free.
• Large nucleus.
• Multiple mitochondria.
• Large vacuole.
• Lack closing mechanisms.

121
Q

Epithem basically?

A

= parenchymatous tissue.

122
Q

Epithem location?

A

Under the sub-stomatal chamber.

123
Q

Epithem cells? (3)

A

• thin-walled.
• chloroplast-free.
• small vacuoles (some).

124
Q

Where can the tracheids of the xylem supply reach? (3)

A

• Terminate at intercellular spaces of epithem.
• Sub-stomatal chamber.
• May extend up to water pore.

125
Q

Terminal tracheids can usually have what options of thickenings?

A

• Spiral thickenings.
• Scalariform thickenings.
• Annular thickenings.

126
Q

Nectaries locations? (2)

A

● Floral plant structures
- sepals.
- petals.
- stamens.
- pistils.

● Extrafloral plant structures
- leaves.
- stem associated with flowers.

127
Q

Osmophores AKA?

A

Scent glands.

128
Q

Osmophores locations? (3)

A

• Petals.
• Sepals.
• Stamens.

129
Q

Laticifers locations? (2)

A

• In the leaves of plants.
• In the stems of plants.

130
Q

Idioblasts?

A

= individual secretory cells containing tannins, resins, etc.

131
Q

What do idioblasts contain? (5)

A

• Tannins.
• Resins.
• Oils.
• Mucilages.
• Gums.

132
Q

2 main components of internal secretory structures?

A

• Idioblasts (secretory cells).
• Ducts/Canals (secretory spaces).

133
Q

Osmophores features/functions? (4)

A

• Secrete volatile essential oils.
• Secrete large amounts of stored products over a very short time.
• Attraction of pollinators.
• Perfume industry.

134
Q

Salt glands function?

A

Secrete salt which would otherwise inhibit growth.

135
Q

Why do Hydathodes damage plants at times?

A

Because of high salt content of the guttation fluid.

136
Q

Where do volatile terpenes, balsam, resins, gums, latex, mucilages come from? (2)

A

• Surrounding epithelial cells.
• Cells that will lyse to create the space.

137
Q

Mucilage cells? (2)

A

• common in cacti.
• help cacti retain water.

138
Q

Eg of salt glands?

A

Crystal salts on black mangrove leaf.

139
Q

Trichome?

A

= “hair-like” appendages present on the surfaces of the leaves, stems, roots & flora structures.

140
Q

Trichome features? (2)

A

• differ in location (size & shape).
• variability in the density between the two sides of leaves, bracts, sepals & tepals.

141
Q

Trichome categories? (2)

A

• Non-glandular trichomes.
• Glandular trichomes.

142
Q

Non-glandular trichomes functions? (3)

A

• Prevent water loss (of exudiates into the foliar surface).
• Influence pollination.
• Act as a mechanical barrier to herbivory.

143
Q

Non-glandular trichomes morphological characteristics? (3)

A

• Unicellular.
• Multicellular.
• Branched.

144
Q

Glandular trichomes?

A

= trichomes that have a terminal secretory head, a stalk & a base, with each component having one or many cells.

145
Q

Exception of glandular trichomes?

A

A neck cell might also exist between the secretory head & the stalk.

146
Q

Glandular trichomes components? (3)

A

• Terminal secretory head.
• A stalk.
• A base.

147
Q

Glandular trichomes morphological characteristics? (4)

A

• Capitate.
• Peltate.
• Sub-sessile.
• Branched.

148
Q

Glandular trichomes functions? (2)

A

• Production of chemicals to ward off pests/attract pollinators.

• Secretion of chemicals to ward off pests/attract pollinators.

149
Q

Glandular trichomes AKA?

A

Secretory trichomes.

150
Q

4 ways plant protection can occur by glandular trichomes?

A

• by Obstructing the movement of pests into the leaf tissue.

• by Capturing pests so that overall movement across/within leaves are prohibited.

• by Producing & secreting volatile or non-volatile secondary metabolites.

• by Producing proteins that directly poison/actively deter pests.

151
Q

Main substances/chemicals produced by glandular trichomes? (2)

A

• Secondary metabolites (esp. alkaloids).
• Essential oils (therapeutic properties).

152
Q

Substance secreted by glandular trichomes?

A

Secondary metabolites (esp. alkaloids).

153
Q

Substance stored in glandular trichomes?

A

Essential oils.

154
Q

Alkaloid significance?

A

Pungent smell discourages herbivores from feeding on the plant parts.

155
Q

Explain how trichome type, distribution & density/abundance vary amongst species. (3)

A

• Many species contain both non-glandular and glandular trichomes.

• Trichomes are randomly distributed.

• Trichomes are more dense on adaxial or abaxial or both leaf surfaces.

156
Q

Foliar trichomes regarding length? (2)

A

• vary in length.
• 100-450 um width.

157
Q

Stain colour for terpene compounds?

A

Dark purple.

158
Q

Stain colour for lipid compounds?

A

Dark blue.

159
Q

Stain colour for acid lipids?

A

Nile blue.

160
Q

Stain colour for pectin compounds?

A

Yellow.

161
Q

Stain colour for carbohydrates?

A

Brown-red.

162
Q

Stain colour for polysaccharides?

A

Pink.

163
Q

Stain colours for polyphenolic compounds? (2)

A

• Brown (Potassium dichromate).
• Black (Iron chloride).

164
Q

Stain reaction colour for lipid-positive?

A

Red.

165
Q

Adaxial leaf surface?

A

=

166
Q

Abaxial leaf surface?

A

=

167
Q

Which plant does resin come from?

A

Pine trees.

168
Q

What is resin used for?

A

Used in coating wood.

169
Q

The more pink cells in Euphorbia, …?

A

High number of laticifers.

170
Q

Volatile?

A

= Aromatic.

171
Q

What is there to benefit with osmophores being used in the perfume industry?

A

Fragrance lasts longer therefore, the gain is through making perfumes/colognes expensive (extra profit) due to the process of making these fragrances is expensive.

172
Q

Is it safe to eat/use salt from plants?

A

Depends on the plant, i.e., whether it’s a poisonous plant or not.

173
Q

Why do plants end up with a lot of salt?

A
174
Q

Egs of phenoly compounds/polyphenols? (4)

A

• Rooibos.
• Moringa.
• Brocolli.
• Black grapes.

175
Q

Phenoly compounds benefit? Why?

A

Help prevent disease
= due to them being antioxidants.

PLANT (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions