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Anatomy > stomach and spleen > Flashcards

stomach and spleen Flashcards

1
Q

what important things do we need to know about organs ?

A
  • size
  • shape
  • position
  • relationship with organs organs
  • their parts
  • blood supply , venous + lymphatic drainage
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2
Q

where is the stomach found ?

A
  • between the esophagus + small intestine

- part of the epigastric umbilical + left hypochondria regions

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3
Q

what happens if the stomach has to much tone ?

what is this known as ?

A
  • stomach = shorter + flatter

- hypertonia

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4
Q

what happens if the stomach doesnt have enough tone ?

what is this known as ?

A

stomach sacks into abdominal cavity

hypotonia

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5
Q

what happens when there is a complete loss of tone ?

what is this known as ?

A

stomach sags into pelvis

atonia

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6
Q

what else determines stomach shape ?

A

body shape

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7
Q

what are the 5 regions of the stomach ?

A
  • cardiac region
  • fundus
  • body
  • antrum
  • pylorus
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8
Q

where is the cardiac notch found ?

A

angle between cardia and fundus

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9
Q

where is the incisura angularis found ?

A

between the pyloric antrum + body of stomach

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10
Q

what is the main role of the cardia ?

A

increase mucus secretion

reduce reflux of acid in esophagus

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11
Q

what is an internal feature found in the cardia ?

A
  • gastroesophageal junction

- where stratified squamous epithelium of esophagus turns into simple columnar of stomach

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12
Q

what is the purpose of the fundus ?

A

fills with air

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13
Q

what is the function of the body of the stomach ?

A

stores ingested food

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14
Q

what are the 5 cells type found on the stomach wall ?

what do they produce ?

A
  • goblet cells = mucus
  • parietal cells = gastric acid + IF
  • chief cells = pepsinogen
  • D cells = somatostin
  • G cells = gastrin
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15
Q

what is the purpose of IF that paritetal cells secrete ?

A

absorbs vitamin B12

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16
Q

what is pernicious anemia ?

what is it caused by ?

A
  • failure to produce / utilize iF

- patients cant acquire energy from proteins or fats

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17
Q

what is the average volume of the adult stomach ?

A

1000ml

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18
Q

what can the stomach wall absorb ?

A
  • water
  • electrolytes
  • alcohol
  • aspirin
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19
Q

what can absorbtion of asiprin cause ?

A

cause stomach wall to bleed + peptic ulcers

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20
Q

what makes up the pyloric region ?

A
  • pyloric antrum

- pyloris

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21
Q

what happens in the antrum ?

A

lots of mixing + grinding of chyme

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22
Q

what pushes chyme towards the pyloris ?

A

peristaltic waves

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23
Q

what is the pyloric sphincter ?

where does it lead to ?

A
  • ring of smooth muscle

- leads to pyloric canal

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24
Q

what does contraction of the pyloric sphincter cause ?

A
  • closure of sphincter = no food into canal
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25
Q

how many layers is the wall of the stomach made up of ?

what are the layers ?

A
  • 4
  • mucosa
  • sub-mucosa
  • muscularis extrania
  • adventitia / serosa
26
Q

what makes up the mucosa ?

A
  • gut epithelium
  • lamina propria
  • muscularis mucosa
27
Q

what does the muscularis mucosa do ?

A

controls contractions of the mucosa

28
Q

what glands are found in the mucosa ?

A
  • ducts of the accessory glands e.g liver + pancreas
  • mucosal glands
  • sub-mucosal glands
29
Q

what does the sub-mucosa layer contain ?

A

contains submucosal plexus controls secretions of glands within submucosa + mucosa
always controls contractions of the mucosa

30
Q

what is the submucosal plexus part of ?

what can it be influenced by ?

A
  • enteric nervous system

- parasympathetic nerves of the vagus or pelvic splanchnic nerves

31
Q

what is found in the muscularis externa ?

A
  • has 2 layers of muscle
    inner circular layer
    outer longitudinal layer
  • contains the Myentric plexus
32
Q

what is the purpose of the muscularis externa ?

A

generates peristaltic contractions controlled by myentric plexus

33
Q

what is the difference between adventitia / serosa ?

A 
adventitia = retroperitoneal parts of the gut 
serosa = intraperitoneal parts of the gut
34
Q

what plexus are sensory nerves found in ?

what do they respond to ?

A
  • myenteric plexus
  • ## responded to local factors in wall of gut
35
Q

what layers of muscles make up the stomach ?

A
  • inner oblique layer
  • middle circular layer
  • outer longitudinal layer
36
Q

what happens to the circular layer at the pyloric sphincter ?

A

increases

to control contractions of chyme

37
Q

what controls gastric secretions into the esophagus ?

A

muscle fibres of the diaphragm

angulation of cardia

38
Q

what do folds of the stomachs longitudinal layer make ?

what is there purpose ?

A

rugae

allow stomach to stretch after eating

39
Q

what is the key artery of the upper abdominal arteteries ?

where does it come from ?

A
  • coeliac trunk

- aorta

40
Q

what are the 3 large branches of the coeliac trunk ?

A
  • common hepatic artery to the right for the liver
  • splenic artery to the left for the spleen
  • left gastric artery at the top for the stomach
41
Q

what does the common hepatic artery give rise to ?

A

proper hepatic artery

divides into a right + left hepatic artery

42
Q

what arteries supply the stomach ?

A
  • left gastric which supplies the lesser curvature
  • common hepatic = lower part
  • right gastroepiploic = greater curvature
  • splenic = upper part
43
Q

what is the route of lymphatic drainage ?

A
  • nodes drain into the coeliac nodes
  • drain to para-aortic nodes
  • then into thoracic duct
44
Q

where does parasympathetic stimulation of the GI tract come from ?

A
  • from vagus nerves

- from 10th cranial nerve

45
Q

where does the esophageal plexus come from ?

what do they give rise to ?

A
  • branches from left + right vagus nerves

- becomes twisted around lower esophagus = anterior + posterior vagal trunks

46
Q

where does the coeliac + superior mesentry come from ?

A

fibres from the posterior vagal trunk

47
Q

where does sympathetic stimulation come from ?

what do these nerves cause ?

A
  • greater splanchnic nerves at T6 + T9
  • distributed via coeliac plexus
  • cause vasoconstriction
48
Q

what is another feature of sympathetic nerves ?

A
  • inhibitory to intrinsic plexuses

- inhibit peristalsis

49
Q

how do sympathetic nerves reach the organs of the abdominal cavity ?

A
  • preganglionic nerves synapse in ganglia at the root of the coeliac trunk
  • postganglionic neurons travel with blood vessels to its intended organ
50
Q

where is the spleen found ?

A
  • in the upper left hypocchondrium
  • lies along axis of 10th rib
  • sit between 9-11th
51
Q

what is the purpose of macrophages in the spleen ?

A

to destroy aging red blood cells

52
Q

what does the spleen produce ?

A
  • lymphocytes

- erythrocytes in infants

53
Q

what happens if the spleen enlarges ?

A

greater number of platelets in the spleen = less in blood = excessive bleeding

54
Q

what does the spleen respond to ?

A
  • stimulation for sympathetic nerves

- adrenaline

55
Q

what attaches the spleen to the stomach ?

where else is the spleen attached to ?

A
  • gastrosplenic ligament

- to the posterior abdominal wall + left kidney by lienorenal ligament

56
Q

what are the 2 boarders of the spleen ?

A
  • notched one

- smooth one

57
Q

what are the 2 forms of splenic pulp ?

A
  • red pulp 75% = RBC + macrophages

- white pulp 25% = lymphocytes

58
Q

what is the primary function of the red pulp ?

A

filter the blood

remove pathogens + old RBC

59
Q

what is found within the red pulp ?

what is there purpose ?

A

venous sinuses

filters out healthy RBC from old ones

60
Q

what is a splenomegarly ?

A

enlargement of the spleen
due to immune hyperplasia (increased immune response )
can also be due to anemia

Anatomy (12 decks)

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