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Anatomy > anterior abdominal wall > Flashcards

anterior abdominal wall Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 sections the upper body is divided into

A
  • the thorax
  • the abdomen
  • the perineum
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2
Q

what are the 3 sections that the abdominal cavity is bound too ? And what makes them up

A
  • roof
  • walls
  • floor
    roof is made by the diaphragm
    walls are made by anterior and posterior muscles
    floor is made by pelvic inlet/ pelvic floor
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3
Q

what are the 4 bone boundaries of the abdomen ?

A
  • 11th and 12th rib
  • costal margin
  • lumbar vertebra
  • iliac fossa
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4
Q

what is the inguinal ligament ?

A

it defines the most inferior part of the abdominal wall

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5
Q

where does the inguinal ligament attach

A

attaches to the anterior superior iliac spine laterally

attaches to the pubic tubercle medially

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6
Q

where can the abdominal wall be found ?

A

found between the costal margins and the ā€˜vā€™ of the groin on the surface

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7
Q

what 2 structures are found on the surface of the abdomen

A
  • the linea alba ( vertical line down the centre)

- linea semilunaris (crescent moons on the side)

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8
Q

what are they benefits of using quadrants of the abdomen ?

A
  • helpful with description

- helps identify pain

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9
Q

how are the abdominal quadrants drawn ?

A

done by drawing 2 vertical and 2 horizontal lines across the abdomen

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10
Q

what are the 2 vertical lines of the quadrants called ?

A
  • midclavicular / mid inguinal

as it cuts through the clavicle / inguinal ligaments

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11
Q

what are the 2 horizontal lines called ?

A
  • transpyloric plane

- trans-tubercular plane

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12
Q

why is it better to use the transpyloric plane over the subcostal plane?

A

transpyloric plane is higher up the abdomen and divides the segments more equally

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13
Q

how do you identify the transpyloric plane ?

A

found by placing one hand below the sternum

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14
Q

how many regions of the abdomen is there ?

A

9

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15
Q

what are the names of the abdominal quadrants ? (left to right)

A
  • right hypochondriac
  • epigastric region
  • left hypochondriac
  • right lumbar region
  • umbilical region
  • left umbilical region
  • right inguinal/ iliac region
  • suprapubic region/ hypogastric region
  • left inguinal/ iliac region
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16
Q

what are the 3 groups of muscles found in the abdomen ?

A
  • rectus abdominis found anteriorly
  • oblique (3 other ones) found laterally
  • prevertebral muscles found posteriorly
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17
Q

what 3 muscles make up the obliques ?

A
  • external oblique abdominis
  • internal oblique abdominis
  • transversus oblique abdominis
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18
Q

what are the 2 muscles that make up the prevertbral muscles?

A
  • psoas major

- quadratus lumborum

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19
Q

what fascia is under each muscle ?

A

endoabdominal fascia

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20
Q

what is an important characteristic to remember about endoabdominal fascia?

A

it changes depending on location

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21
Q

what serous membrane lines the abdominal cavity ?

A

parietal peritoneum

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22
Q

what is the name of the tissue that lies the outer most surface of organs ?

A

visceral peritoneum

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23
Q

what is the peritoneal cavity ? and what is one of its functions ?

A

is space found between the parietal and visceral layers of the peritoneum
it lubricates the abdominal contents

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24
Q

how thick is the skin of the abdomen ?

A

1-2 mm thick

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25
Q

how does the thickness of the fascia vary ?

A

superficial fascia is thick and deep fascia is thin

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26
Q

how do the muscles of the abdomen vary?

A

posterior muscles are thick

anterior muscles are thin

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27
Q

what is found below the muscle ?

A

extraperitoneal fascia

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28
Q

how much fluid is normally contained in the peritoneal cavity ? What is an increase of fluid called ?

A

5-20mm

ascites

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29
Q

how many layers of fascia is in the abdomen and what are they called ?

A
  • 2 layers
  • campers fascia found superficially . fatty and contains veins + nerves
  • scarpas fascia inner layer is important in limiting infection
30
Q

what is the deepest layer of fascia in the abdomen ?

A

transversalis fascia

31
Q

what are the veins that spread out across the navel called ?

A

para-umilical veins

32
Q

what are the name of veins that drain towards the chest ?

A

thoracoepigastic / thoracoadominal veins

33
Q

what is the name of the veins in the breast and where do they drain ?

A

lateral thoracic veins

drain into axillary veins in armpit

34
Q

what are the lower veins of the abdomen?

A

superficial epigastric

35
Q

where does the superficial epigastric drain into ?

A

drains into the superficial circumflex iliac which drains into the femoral vein

36
Q

what happens if there is a problem with drainage and what is it called ?

A

veins may become engorged with blood and become visable

known as caput medusea / medusas head

37
Q

what is the rectus abdominis attached too ?

A
  • the ribcage

- the pubic bone

38
Q

what is the rectus abdominis a flexor/ depressor of ?

A

flexor of trunk

depressor of ribcage

38
Q

what is the rectus abdominis a flexor/ depressor of ?

A

flexor of trunk

depressor of ribcage

39
Q

where do the fibres of the external oblique run ?

A

forwards + downwards

40
Q

how is the external obliques attached ?

A
  • attached to lower ribs 5-12

- attached to iliac crest

41
Q

what are the tendons of the external obliques called and where do they attach too ?

A
  • aponeurosis

- linea albea + pubic tubercle + pubic crest

42
Q

what is formed when the 2 aponeurosis tendon meet ?

where do they meet ?

A
  • raphe

- linea albea

43
Q

how is the inguinal ligament formed ?

what shape does it form ?

A

formed by external obliques folding back on itself

forms a u shaped

44
Q

how does movement of muscles work ?

A

each muscles cause trunk to rotate to other side

right oblique pulls right side of the chest downwards towards left hip

45
Q

where do the fibres of the internal obliques run ?

A

backwards and downwards

46
Q

where is the internal obliques attached too ?

A

lateral half of inguinal ligament, iliac crest and thoracolumbalar fascia + pubic crest
connected to last ribs 9-12 + linea alba

47
Q

how do the internal obliques stabilise the lumbar spine ?

A

through its connection with thoracolumbar fascia

48
Q

what type of rotators of the trunk are the internal obliques ?

A

ipsilateral

internal obliques contracts with contralateral right external oblique

49
Q

how does the transversus abdominis arise ?

what does it form ?

A

from internal bones + cartilages

forms lower part of chest wall + iliac crest + iliac ligament + thoracolumbar fascia

50
Q

what does the thransversus abdominis do/ help with ?

A

involved in abdominal compressions
hold organs into place
help with child birth , defecation and urinations

51
Q

how is the rectus sheath formed and where is it found ?

A

formed by aponeurotic tendon + transversial fascia
formed around rectus abdominus muscle .
aponeuroses cross at the rectus abdominis = rectus sheath

52
Q

where does the external and transverse aponeurosis pass ?

A 
external = anterior to rectus sheath
transverse = behind rectus abdominis
53
Q

what happens to the rectus sheath in the lower regions ?

A

is thinner + is only formed by the transversis fascia

this is because aponeurotic tendons have shifted to posterior layer of rectus sheath

54
Q

what is the name of the space between the rectus sheath and the lower part formed only of fascia ?

A

arcuate line

55
Q

what is the function of the arcuate line ?

A

allows blood vessels access to rectus abdominis

56
Q

what is the name of the artery that passes into the rectus abdominis ?
what path does the veins follow

A

inferior epigastric artery

veins follow the artery

57
Q

describe the cutaneous nerve supply to the abdomen

A

segmental .
from T7 to L1
posterior nerves from the posterior ramus of spinal nerve
lateral + anterior branches from the anterior ramus
posterior + anterior branches from a dermatome over abdominal wall

58
Q

describe the muscular nerve supply ?

A

supplied segmentally by same thoracoabdominal nerves. sandwiched between the internal obliques + transverse abdominis
external obliques + rectus lack supply from L1

59
Q

what is the guarding reflex ?

A

protective defence provided by the nerves of the parietal peritoneum

60
Q

what does the abdominal tactile reflex respond too ?

A

stroking the skin

61
Q

what is rebound tenderness ?

what is a condition that causes this ?

A

when the peritoneum is infected + patient experiences pain

peritonitis

62
Q

what is point tenderness

A

tenderness in a specific location

63
Q

how is blood supplied to the abdomen ?

A

from a variety of arterial branches

64
Q

describe anterior blood supply of the abdomen ?

A

extension of the internal thoracic artery past the costal margins = superior epigastric artery
at the umbilicus the artery anastomoses with the inferior epigastric artery

65
Q

what arteries are found under the diagraph ?

A

inferior phrenic arteries

66
Q

describe blood supply in posterior abdomen ?

A

supplied by 4 pair of lumbar arteries

blood vessels from the intercostal arteries leave chest wall and become thoracoabdominal arteries

67
Q

describe the venous blood supply of abdomen ?

A

follow arteries

68
Q

how many sets of lymphatics is in the abdomen ?

A

2 sets :

  • superficial
  • deep
69
Q

describe the course of the superficial lymphatic

A

above the umbilicus they drain at the armpit pierce the fascia and join the axillary lymph nodes
below the umbilicus they drain into the superficial inguinal nodes pierce the fascia and drain into deep superficial inguinal nodes

70
Q

what is the name of lymph nodes in the aorta ? and where do they drain

A

para-aortic nodes

cisterna chyli located near the diaphragm

Anatomy (12 decks)

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