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Anatomy > overview of digestion > Flashcards

overview of digestion Flashcards

1
Q

what is the name given to involuntary muscle contractions ?

A

peristalsis

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2
Q

what is the primary driving force of digestion ?

A

peristalsis

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3
Q

where are digestive enzymes secreted from ?

A

mucosae

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4
Q

what do locally produced hormones do and give some examples ?

A

affect the physiological activity of the GI tract

  • gastrin
  • cholecystokinin
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5
Q

where does the primary absorption of nutrients occur ?

A

the small intestine

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6
Q

what type of fluid secretions are largely reabsorbed ?

A

salivary

gastrointestinal

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7
Q

how is undigested material eliminated ?

A

by combined activity of involuntary and voluntary muscles

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8
Q

what 4 major organs does the digestive tract differentiate into ?

A
  • esophagus
  • stomach
  • small intestine
  • large intestine
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9
Q

how are organs separated ?

A

by muscular valves / sphincters

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10
Q

what lines the inner surface of the digestive tract ?

A

mucosal layer

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11
Q

where is digestion of carbohydrates initiated and by what ?

A

in the mouth

by amylase

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12
Q

where does the majority of digestion + absorption of carbs + amino acids occur ?

A

across the muscosae of the stomach + small intestine

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13
Q

what does the pancreas secrete and where does it pass into ?

A

HC03

lumen of small intestine

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14
Q

what does the liver secrete and what does it pass into ?

A

bile salts

lumen of small intestine

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15
Q

what are the 4 layers of muscle that make up the GI tract ? (deep to superficial)

A
  • mucosa
  • submucosa
  • muscularis
  • adventitia of the serosa
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16
Q

what makes up the mucosa ?

A
  • epithelium
  • stroma
  • vascularised loose connective tissue
  • immunocompetent cells (lamina propria)
  • smooth muscle (muscularis mucosae)
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17
Q

what is the outer layer of smooth muscle in mucosa subdivided into ?

A
  • inner circular

- outer longitudinal

18
Q

what does contractions of the muscularis do ?

A

throws mucosa into folds + ridges

19
Q

what is present in the submucosa ?

A
  • large blood vessels
  • lymphatic vessels
  • nerves (messners plexus)
20
Q

where do the nerve fibres of messners plexus go ?

A

mucosa

muscularis

21
Q

how many layers of muscle exist in the muscularis externa ? and where is an exception found ?

A
  • 2 both smooth

- in upper esophagus + anal sphincter there is striated fibres

22
Q

what is the arrangement of muscle in the muscularis ?

A

inner circular layers surrounded by outer longitudinal layers
circular constricts the lumen
longitudinal constricts the digestive tube

23
Q

describe the structure of adventitia / serosa :

A

several layers of loose connective tissue
alternately collagenous + elastic
covered by layer of mesothelial cells

24
Q

where are the largest arteries found?

A

longitudinally in submucosal layers

25
Q

where are smaller branches of arteries found ?

A

in serosal layer

26
Q

how do capillaries run in the muscularis layer ?

A

parallel to muscle fibres

27
Q

describe the blood supply in the mucosa

A

arteries supply an irregular capillary plexus around glands

sends terminal branches to mucosal villi (lumen of intestine)

28
Q

what is the general pattern of capillaries ?

A

fenestrated in the intestinal + exocrine epithelium

29
Q

describe the movement of veins :

A

veins arising in the mucosa anastomose in the submucosa and pass out of intesine alongside arteries

30
Q

how do lymphatic vessels arise ?

A

as blind tubes in the mucosa

known as lacteal vessels

31
Q

what do lymphatic vessels contain ?

what do they do ?

A

contain pinocytotic vesicles

shuttle macromolecules + chyclomicrons from the interstitial space into the lymphatic circulation

32
Q

how are lymph vessels found in the submucosa ?

A

large lymphatics branch freely
cross muscle layers
spread into the intermuscular tissue + serosa

33
Q

what do vascular + lymphatic vessels help do ?

A

aid nutrient absorption

34
Q

what fibres are found in the gastrointestinal tract ?

A

autonomic motor

sensory

35
Q

describe the formation of nerve fibres

A

ramify throughout GI tract

form a plexus in each layer

36
Q

where does the intramural parasympathetic ganglia innervate ?

A 
submucosal plexus (meissner) 
between 2 layers of muscularis externa in myenteric plexus of auerbach
37
Q

what does innervation of the intramural parasympathetic ganglia do ?

A

stimulates motor + secretory activity of the gut

38
Q

where do the sympathetic fibres of the GI tract terminate ?

A

in the submucosal + myenteric plexus

39
Q

what does sympathetic innervation of the GI tract cause ?

A

cause constriction of blood vessels
inhibits contraction of muscularis externa
constrict muscularis mucosae

40
Q

where do gut hormones influence ?

A

alimentary tract
neurocrine
paracrine
endocrine

41
Q

where are endocrine cells distributed ?

A 
epithelia of stomach 
small intestine 
large intestine 
appendix 
distal esophageal glands
ducts of liver + pancreas

Anatomy (12 decks)

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