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Anatomy > development of GI tracts > Flashcards

development of GI tracts Flashcards

1
Q

what is the blastocele ?

A

refers to the ball of cells containing zygote to uterine wall

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2
Q

what is the trilaminar disk ?

what layers make up the disk ?

A
  • cells at the early stage of development
  • upper layer = ectoderm
  • middle layer = mesoderm
  • bottom layer = endoderm
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3
Q

where does the trilaminar disc sit between ?

A

amniotic cavity

yolk sac

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4
Q

what is organogenesis ?

A

the differentiation of the cells into tissues of the body + organs

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5
Q

what does the ectoderm become ?

A

skin + nervous system

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6
Q

what does the mesoderm become ?

A

muscles
vascular system
connective tissue
kidneys

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7
Q

what will the endoderm form ?

A

the gut
the lungs
the liver
the hepatobiliary system

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8
Q

what does intrauterine life refer too ?

A

the interval of life between conception + birth

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9
Q

at what point of intrauterine life does the gut begin to develop ?

A

week 3

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10
Q

what does the yolk sac do ?

A

helps transfer of nutrients to the embryo before placental circulation

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11
Q

what triggers the development of the fetal vasculature ?

when does this happen ?

A

week 3

mesoderm invades the yolk sac

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12
Q

what part of the yolk sac gives rise to the gut ?

A

the dorsal side

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13
Q

what is embroynic folding ?

when does this take place ?

A

4th week of development

embryo changes shape from flat trilaminar disk into cylinder

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14
Q

why does folding occur in 2 planes ?

what are these planes ?

A
  • horizontal + median plane

- different rates of growth of the embryonic structures

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15
Q

what does folding of the horizontal plane lead to ?

A

development of the 2 lateral body folds

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16
Q

what does folding in the median plane result in ?

A

development of the cranial + caudal folds

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17
Q

what happens to the endoderm during embryonic folding ?

A
  • moves towards the midline + fuses with dorsal part of yolk sac
  • this creates the primitive gut tube
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18
Q

what 3 parts does the primitive gut tube differentiate into ?

A
  • foregut
  • midgut
  • hindgut
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19
Q

where is the foregut found in early development ?

A

at head of embryo

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20
Q

what temporarily closes the foregut ?

what does rupture of this structure give rise too ?

A
  • oropharyngeal membrane

- forms the mouth

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21
Q

where is the midgut found ?

A

between the fore + hind gut

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22
Q

what is the vitelline duct ?

A

the narrowing of the yolk sac into a stalk

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23
Q

where is the hindgut found ?

A

tail of the embryo

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24
Q

what temporarily closes the hindgut ?

what does rupture of this structure lead to ?

A
  • cloacal membrane

- urogenital + anal opening

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25
Q

what is the coelomic cavity ?

what does it give rise to ?

A

trapped space of the gut

- peritoneal cavity

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26
Q

where does the gut tube come from ?

A

posterior + anterior walls by a double folded membrane

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27
Q

what are the membranes that hold the gut tube called ?

A

dorsal + ventral mesenteries

known as dorsal + ventral mesogastrium

28
Q

what supplies the gut tube with blood ?

how does it reach it

A

the aorta at the back of the abdomen

via arterial branches in the dorsal mesentery

29
Q

what is a function of the yolk sac ?

A

nutrients are absorbed from its vessels in earlier stages

30
Q

what is vitelline circulation ?

A

system of blood flowing from embryo to yolk sac + back

31
Q

what happens when vitelline circulation is no longer needed ?

A

yolk sac regresses

lie in developing umbilical cord

32
Q

what is the allantois ?

A

sac from the hindgut

nonfunctional in humans

33
Q

what forms the ubilical artery

A

the blood vessels of the allantois

34
Q

what does the proximal end of the allantois become ?

A

urinary bladder

35
Q

what does the thoracic part of the foregut give rise to ?

A

the lower respiratory tract

36
Q

what happens to the foregut in the third week of intrauterine life ?

A

develops respiratory diverticulum

37
Q

what does the splanchnic mesoderm form ?

A
  • connective tissue of lungs + respiratory tract
38
Q

what develops in the ventral mesogastrium ?

A

rhe liver

39
Q

what is a distinct feature of the pancreatic development ?

A

arises as 2 separate buds

40
Q

what part of the pancreas becomes the uncinate process ?

A

part of pancreas that came from the ventral pancreas

41
Q

what does the midgut become ?

A

most of the intestines

ends 2/3 of the way along the transverse colon

42
Q

how is the midgut connected to the yolk sac ?

A

via the vitelline duct

43
Q

where does the midgut get its blood supply from ?

A

superior mesenteric artery

44
Q

what happens to the midgut during the mid trimester ?

A
  • herniates into the umbilical cord to escape pressure of growing liver
45
Q

what happens to the midgut when it leaves the umbilical cord ?

A

lost its connection to the yolk saac

46
Q

describe the midgut rotation :

A
  • cranial + caudal limbs elongate + rotate 90 degree counterclockwise as it enters the umbilical
  • as it leaves the umbilical the midgut rotates 180 degree counterclockwise
47
Q

what does the cranial limb become ?

A

small bowel

48
Q

what does the caudal limb become

A

large bowl

49
Q

where is the caecum found ?

what is the start of ?

A

on the caudal limb

larger bowel

50
Q

what are Mao rotations ?

A

complications of midgut rotations

51
Q

what is a non-rotation ?

A

failure of the second phase of midgut rotation

leaves small bowel on right hand side + large bowel on left

52
Q

what is a omphalocele ?

A

failure of gut to return to abdominal cavity

midgut is outside of the body

53
Q

what is gastroschisis ?

A

protrusion of gut through anterior abdominal wall

isnt within a sac , intestines are exposed

54
Q

what have gastroschisis been related to ?

A
  • maternal smoking
  • drug abuse
  • low birthweight
  • possible genetic link
55
Q

what does the hindgut give rise ?

A

bottoms 1/3 of transverse colon
descending + sigmoid colon
rectum
upper 1/2 of anal canal

56
Q

what forms the bottom 1/2 of the anal canal ?

A

formed by the proctodeum

57
Q

what happens to the embyonic bladder enlarges ?

A

forms the urachus

58
Q

what is the distal part of the hindgut called ?

A

the cloaca

59
Q

what partitions the hindgut into 2 compartments ?

A

the mesenchyme = urorectal septum

60
Q

what does the urorectal septum do ?

A

pushes the cloaca towards the cloacal membrane

separates urogenital tract from the future rectum + anal canal

61
Q

what becomes the perineal body ?

A

the site of fusion of the cloacal membrane with the urorectal septum

62
Q

what happens at the 7th week of intrauterine life ?

A

endoderm meets ectoderm of the proctodeum and the cloacal membrane is divided into the urogenital and anal membrane

63
Q

what leads to a imperforated anus ?

A

a persistance of anal membrane

64
Q

what is a rectovaginal / rectrourethral fistula ?

A
  • incomplete separation of the cloaca into urogential + anorectal parts
65
Q

what does rectovaginal fistula lead to ?

A

vagina becomes infected with fecal bacteria

66
Q

what does rectourethral fistula cause ?

A

feces in the urethra or infections

Anatomy (12 decks)

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