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Anatomy > liver and hepatobiliary tract > Flashcards

liver and hepatobiliary tract Flashcards

1
Q

where is the liver found ?

A
  • upper quadrant
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2
Q

how much does the liver weigh ?

A

1500 grams

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3
Q

how many lobes does the liver have ?

what divides them ?

A

2
left and right
falciform ligament

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4
Q

what type of organ is the liver ?

A

intraperitoneal

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5
Q

what is the bare area ?

A

part of liver not covered by peritoneum

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6
Q

what is found in the bare area ?

A

reflections of the bare area called the coronary ligament

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7
Q

describe the coronary ligament :

A

has anterior + posterior ligaments that meet laterally as the right and left triangular ligaments

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8
Q

what is the top and bottoms of the liver bound to ?

what does it form ?

A

bounded by reflections of the peritoneum
form sub-phrenic space above
form sub-hepatic / hepatorenal pouch below

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9
Q

what is the hepatorenal pouch

A

potential space bounded by the liver, the right kidney, the colon and the duodenum

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10
Q

what is the subphrenic space

A

space on each side of the falciform ligament

between under side of the diaphragm and upper side of liver

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11
Q

what happens if there is an infection in the sub-phrenic space ?

A
  • can cause irritation of the diaphragm = interrupted breathing
  • can irritate parietal layer = feelings of pain on shoulders
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12
Q

what are the 2 main cell types found in the liver ?

A
  • hepatocytes

- kupffer cells

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13
Q

what are kupffer cells function ?

A

involved in breakdown of red blood cells

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14
Q

what are some functions of the liver ?

A
  • produce bile
  • regulate blood constituents + chemical level
  • regulates glucose levels
  • produces cholesterol
  • breakdown old blood cells
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15
Q

where is the round ligament found ?

what is it ?

A
  • lower edge of falciform liagment

- remnant of the umbilical vein

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16
Q

what is another division of the liver ?

how is it done ?

A

divided into 8 segments - Couinaud segment

done by vascular divisions of the liver

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17
Q

where is the coronary ligament found ?

A
  • surrounds bare area
  • anteriorly left + right leaflets of ligament form the falciform ligament
  • posteriorly left + right leaflets form the lesser omentum
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18
Q

what is the porta hepatis ?

A

point of entry + exit for the hepatic portal vein, hepatic arteries, hepatic bile ducts

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19
Q

what are the triangular ligaments ?

A

junctions of the anterior + posterior leaflets

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20
Q

what is the visceral surface of the liver ?

A
  • posterior surface of liver

- closely related to other organs

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21
Q

what is the ductus venosus ?

where is it found ?

A
  • a bypass channel that connects the left portal vein to the left hepatic vein
  • found at the base of the lesser omentum
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22
Q

what does the ductus venosus become after birth ?

A

ligamentum venosum

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23
Q

what are 2 other lobes of the liver ?

what is important to note about them

A
  • caudate + quadrate lobe

makes right lobe bigger

24
Q

what is portal hypertension ?

A

blockage of roots involved in liver drainage

25
Q

what are the 4 possible sites of the portal systemic anastomoses ?

A
  • lower esophagus
  • anal canal
    via recanalized umbilical vein to anterior abdominal wall
    via recanalized ductus venosus to inferior vena cava
  • posterior abdominal wall
26
Q

what are esophageal varcies ?

A

dilated thin walled veins in the esophagus

27
Q

what are varicose veins in the anal canal known as ?

A

hemorrhoids / pile

28
Q

what are cause of portal hypertension ?

A
  • cirrhosis : scar tissue blocks blood flow organ

- hepatitis

29
Q

how does alcohol damage to the liver ?

A

blocks normal metabolism of proteins , fats and carbs

30
Q

what is a common complication of liver disease ?

A

ascites

31
Q

what is jaundice ?

A

system of excreting bilirubin is disrupted

blood has high bilirubin levels

32
Q

what is the key symptom of jaundice ?

A

yellow pigment of skin and eye

also has pale coloured poo and dark urine

33
Q

how does the gallbladder receive artery supply ?

A

from right hepatic artery via the cystic artery

34
Q

describe venous drainage in gallbladder ?

A

directly into liver through fossa

35
Q

describe the lymphatics of the gallbladder :

A

via hepatic nodes which drain into the celiac nodes

36
Q

describe innervation of the gallbladder :

A

receives sympathetic + parasympathetic via celiac plexus
sympathetic from T7 and T9 + vasomotor
parasympathetic = inhibit contraction of sphincter

37
Q

what hormone influences contraction in gall bladder ?

A

cholecystokinin

from duodenum

38
Q

what is Calot’s triangle ?

A

triangle formed by the cystic duct, hepatic duct and cystic artery
sometimes formed by inferior margin of the liver

39
Q

how is bile released ?

A

functional lobes secrete bile into there respective ducts constantly
common hepatic duct to common bile duct to cystic duct than gallbladder

40
Q

what are the 4 parts of the gall bladder ?

A
  • a fundus
  • a body
  • infundibulum
  • neck
41
Q

what is the infundibulum expanded to ?

A

hartmans poach

42
Q

what are the spiral valves of heister ?

A

prominent concentric folds in the cystic duct

43
Q

what is the hepatopancreatic ampulla of Vater ?

A

the entering of the bile causing the duodenum to bulge

44
Q

what is the sphincter of oddi ?

A

muscle surrounding the lower end of the bile duct

45
Q

what does bile contain ?

A
  • bile salts
  • electrolytes
  • cholesterol
46
Q

what are the 2 types of gallstones ?

A
  • cholesterol stones 90%

- pigment stones 10%

47
Q

what type of gland is the pancreas ?

A

endocrine + exocrine

48
Q

what is the exocrine function of the pancreas ?

A

release enzymes + salts to help digestion

49
Q

what is the endocrine function of the pancreas ?

A

hormonal control of blood glucose levels

50
Q

what are the 5 parts of the pancreas ?

A
  • head
  • neck
  • body
  • tail
  • uncinate process
51
Q

where is the head + uncinate process found ?

A

in c shape of duodenum

52
Q

where is the neck found ?.

A

right side of aorta

53
Q

where is the body found

A

across the aorta

54
Q

where is the tail found ?

A

hilum of the spleen

55
Q

what supplies the pancreas with blood ?

A

splenic artery divides into the dorsal/superior pancreatic artery and the arteriole pancreatic
head receives supply from superior pancreaticoduodenal artery

Anatomy (12 decks)

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