Stomach

Question 1

What is the function of the stomach?

Answer 1

Digestion
Disinfection
Mechanically disrupt food
Short term food storage

Question 2

What are the 2 broad categories of GI hormones?

Answer 2

Gastrin family

Secretin family

Question 3

What hormones are in the gastrin family?

Answer 3

Gastrin

Cholecystokinin

Question 4

Where is gastrin released from?

Answer 4

G cells in antrum of stomach

Question 5

What is the role of gastrin?

Answer 5

Increases gastric acid secretion

Question 6

Where is CCK released from?

Answer 6

I cells in duodenum + jejunum

Question 7

What is the role of CCK?

Answer 7

Increases pancreatic/gallbladder secretions

Question 8

What hormones are in the secretin family?

Answer 8

Secretin

Gastric inhibitory polypeptide

Question 9

Where is secretin released from?

Answer 9

S cells in the duodenum

Question 10

What stimulates CCK release?

Answer 10

Fat + protein

Question 11

What stimulates secretin release?

Answer 11

H+

Fatty acids

Question 12

What is the role of secretin?

Answer 12

Increases HCO3 from pancreas/gallbladder

Decreases gastric acid secretion

Question 13

Where is GIP released from?

Answer 13

Cells in duodenum + jejunum

Question 14

What stimulates GIP release?

Answer 14

Sugars
Amino acids
Fatty acids

Question 15

What is the role of GIP?

Answer 15

Increases insulin

Decreases gastric acid secretion

Question 16

What are the main parts of the stomach?

Answer 16

Cardia 
Fundus 
Body 
Antrum 
Greater curvature
Lesser curvature
Pyloris

Question 17

What is the cardia?

Answer 17

Where the food enters stomach from oesophagus

Question 18

What is the fundus?

Answer 18

Superior aspect of the stomach

Question 19

What is the body?

Answer 19

Main part of the stomach - contains rugae

Question 20

What are the purpose of rugae?

Answer 20

Folds that expand and increase stomach volume

Question 21

What is the greater curvature?

Answer 21

Long edge of the stomach - lateral

Question 22

What is the lesser curvature?

Answer 22

Short edge of the stomach - medial

Question 23

What is the angularis?

Answer 23

Junction between body and antrum - starts at bottom of lesser curve

Question 24

What cells are in the gastric pits?

Answer 24

Epithelial cells 
Mucous cells 
Parietal cells 
Chief cells 
G cells 
D cells 
Enterochromaffin like cells

Question 25

What provides arterial supply to the stomach?

Answer 25

Coeliac trunk

Question 26

What is the venous drainage from the stomach?

Answer 26

Portal vein

Question 27

What does the stomach secrete?

Answer 27

HCL Intrinsic factor Mucus/HCO3- Pepsinogen

Question 28

What do parietal cells secrete?

Answer 28

HCL | Intrinsic factor

Question 29

What do G cells secrete?

Answer 29

Gastrin

Question 30

What to ECL cells secrete?

Answer 30

Histamine

Question 31

What do chief cells secrete?

Answer 31

Pepsinogen

Question 32

What do D cells secrete?

Answer 32

Somatostatin

Question 33

What do mucous cells secrete?

Answer 33

Mucous

Question 34

Where in the stomach are parietal cells found?

Answer 34

Body

Question 35

Where in the stomach are chief cells found?

Answer 35

Body

Question 36

Where in the stomach are G cells found?

Answer 36

Antrum

Question 37

Where in the stomach are mucous cells found?

Answer 37

Antrum

Question 38

What are parietal cells stimulated by?

Answer 38

Gastrin Histamine ACh

Question 39

How is HCL production stimulated?

Answer 39

Vagus nerve -> release ACh -> acts on parietal cells ECL cells -> releases histamine -> acts on H2 receptors on parietal cells Gastrin released by G cells -> acts on CCK receptor on parietal cells

Question 40

How is HCL production inhibited?

Answer 40

Food leaves stomach -> drop in pH -> D cells release somatostatin -> inhibits G cells Stomach distension decrease -> drop in vagal activity PPIs H2 receptor antagonists

Question 41

What are G cells stimulated by?

Answer 41

Peptides in stomach | Vagal activity

Question 42

What inhibits G cells?

Answer 42

Somatostatin

Question 43

What are the phases of digestion?

Answer 43

Cephalic Gastric Intestinal

Question 44

What stimulates the cephalic stage of digestion?

Answer 44

Parasympathetic stimuli - smelling/tasting - vagus nerve stimulates parietal cells - vagus stimulates G cells Anticipating food

Question 45

What stimulates the gastric stage?

Answer 45

Distension of stomach - stimulates vagus nerve Presence of amino acids/small peptides - stimulate G cells Food in stomach - removes gastrin secretion inhibition

Question 46

What stimulates the intestinal stage?

Answer 46

Partially digested proteins in duodenum - chyme release - stimulates gastrin

Question 47

What happens in the intestinal stage?

Answer 47

G cells inhibited - lipids activate enterogastric reflex - reduces vagal stimulation - chyme stimulates CCK and secretin

Question 48

How does the stomach protect itself from autodigestion?

Answer 48

Mucus - forms thick alkaline layer High turnover of epithelial cells Prostaglandins - maintain mucosal blood flow

Question 49

What can damage the stomach defences?

Answer 49

Alcohol - dissolves mucus layer H. pylori NSAIDs - inhibit prostaglandins